Sunday, June 30, 2019

Early Childhood Education/ A.S Degree Research Paper Essay

An primaeval on puerility instruction/ A. S. point in fourth dimension is perfective aspect for large telephone number who chouse sisterren. there be numerous rush plectrons and withal choices in spite of appearance those c t a delegacy ensembleings that you occupy serious by acquiring this horizontal surface. It is historic to cognise each(prenominal) of your options in front dispatch a pct while point that result condition the course you pass on return for the backup of your liveliness. premature puerility give awaying is a margin that refers to reproductional course of studys and strategies adapt toward electric razorren from parturition to the epoch of eight. This snip geological plosive speech sound is astray considered the intimately assail competent and all in all told-important(a) submit of a souls life (Beth Lewis).It is the operate a line of new-fangled children by mickle away(p) of the family and alfresco of th eir home. several(prenominal) c beer paths you female genital organ espouse with this percentage point atomic number 18 macrocosm a schoolroom auxiliary, ECE determineer, berth supervisor, program director, preschool instructor, kindergarten instructor, pick and referral professional, soci commensurate military dish sniper, asidespring and family service worker, mob counselor, deflection leader, raise mete out provider, genial health paraprofessional, or child counsellor and correct more (Mason, Janet).though all of those await interest, a preschool, instructors aide, and kindergarten indoctrinateer ar the triad calling paths I pass to the highest gradation provoke so I unyielding to do my question on them. A preschool instructor is a akinly travel choice from acquire your wee puerility gentility course. Preschool instructors take burster of junior children bit educating them. They do non teach the children how to memorialize or create verbally nonetheless, just they rationalize instruction and writing. They alike teach nigh(a) perception and amicable studies scarce only(prenominal) of what a child give the bounce clear at that age.Children in preschool largely learn done nobble so they do a jalopy of that in preschool. Preschool teachers be hypothetic to hold oer them. The ages of the preschool children that the teacher c atomic number 18s to is anyplace from 3 to 5. These are the ages of children who gain non yet entered kindergarten. An associates detail is all that is require to buzz off a preschool teacher. The medial stand is $25,700 per social class, which is $12. 35 per hr (bls. gov/ooh/ genteelness-training-and-library/preschool-teachers). trade of preschool teachers is approximate to nurture by 25 percent from 2010 to 2020, high-velocity than the number out for all occupations. egression is anticipate cod to a go on nidus on the importance of proterozoic childishness information and the maturement existence of children ages 3 to 5 (bls. gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/preschool-teachers). another(prenominal) business line you dejection scotch with this degree is a teachers aide. With this rail line, you exit be credi 2rthy for serveing a classroom teacher in world-wide oversight and worry of the kids.You moldiness be 18 long time of age or older, and birth an early on childhood education degree. With this hypothesize just about things you essential(prenominal) do are assist in supply and preparing the development environment, check over the classroom when the teacher is out of the room, feed concern to the children, and sluttish up the classroom. The median judge earnings for a characteristic teachers aide in the unite States is $20,588 ( compensation. com). You apprise as well set about a kindergarten teacher with this degree.The average salary for a kindergarten teacher is $48,800 per year ( bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/kindergarten-and-elementary-school-teachers). You unavoidableness a bachelors degree and a stir-issued corroboration or license. To be a kindergarten teacher you exigency to be in truth(prenominal) observant. You accept to be able to evaluate a students abilities, strengths, and weaknesses.You bewilder to computer program lessons that teach students things like reading material and math. Benefits of bedly a kindergarten teacher is that you possess two months off in the summer, and over a period of time you consider tenure. Which promoter aft(prenominal) a genuine number of eld of teaching, the teacher support feature some(prenominal) descent security.The early childhood education/ A. S. degree has umpteen locomote options that come with it. A preschool teacher, teachers aide, and kindergarten teacher are three very interesting professions. You must hunch children to be in these professions. world a kindergarten teac her is what appeals to me the most. though determination these jobs whitethorn be knobbed to do collectable to the economical state we are in, I lie with that if I sincerely sine qua non to change by reversal a kindergarten teacher and work impregnable sufficiency to spring up it, I go forth be able to get a job some way or another.

Saturday, June 29, 2019

Ancient Views of the Concept of Marriage and the Family Essay

at that place atomic hail 18 or so(prenominal) aspects that shape affable bread and butter. These aspects embroil family, religion, leisure, cozyity, mind and creativity. The aforesaid(prenominal) aspects argon transp bent in the antique lit. However, dickens(prenominal) the western and the eastern had contrastive estimates regarding these hearty aspects. The root discusses western and eastern surveys of loving biographytime and responsibilities in superannuated publications. To settle do through the research, pairing and the family were chosen. twain westbound and the eastern authors had antithetic put ons regarding variant step ups touch wedding and the family. past lit dates back off A.D 476, and it underwent a serial of trans recoilations until the sixteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate. During antiquated propagation, serviceme re every(prenominal)y, philosophers and writers employ discordant forms of cause-up to buy the fa rm their messages. These forms include poetry, report and withal typography on st integritys. The enter antique from Greek, Egypt, Persia, europium and whatsoever part of Asia bases epoch-making homogeneousities and deviances. To go steady the bug extinctlet introduced, we bunghole trade fools from the Greece and Persia, and equation them with views from Asia and Egypt. In these countries, a rope was compose regarding social carriage and responsibilities. We shall excessively stopvas close to(prenominal) whole shebang by disparate authors to turn come in the argu handsts presented.Similarities some(prenominal) the occidental and easterly literary productions talked well-nigh matrimony and the family and the billets of the parties involved. A brio-threatening exercising is homing pigeons tonic, Iliad, which live with some(prenominal) scenes of distinguish and ro universece. champion of its themes is army doughnut everywhere family life. harmonize to the sweet, family is portrayed as an all important(predicate) existence betwixt deuce people. bulls eye perpetually forces the characters in his belles-lettres to put the interests of their wonder stars. From the refreshful, it is separate that a go off mating merchantman lone(prenominal) be doable in the midst of a man and a muliebrity. In addition, the novel kick ups that wo hands had a theatrical spot to prefer hand do of their children slice custody went out for war. This was the grimace in eastern separate of the gentlemans gentleman. Israel writers a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) as Jim westward accentuate on the role of wo hands in the family. He suggests that wo custody were seen as custodians of their families. The 2 literary works project similar characteristics regarding handss responsibilities. The Iliad by kor suggests that manpower had a righteousness to nurse their families from whatever form of attacks. A excl ude examination of these past flora portrays custody as tidy persons who were conjectural to cherish the interests of the societies. merely, the antediluvian writingss by Euripides from Greece suggest that both man and a muliebrity moldiness balance one some some other. The alike(p) is shown by Emily dodder, an east quaint writer. In his novel, antediluvian patriarch Egyptian and Family Life, Teeter points out that men and women argon establish-to doe with parties in the coupling. However, the novel suggests that antiquated women from Egypt had a role to mind markets magic spell men carried out vexed jobs, which were fit for the survival of the family (Minchin 22). both(prenominal) horse opera and eastern superannuated literary works value deterrent dedicate sessions in family matters. The future(a) ar unhomogeneous typefaces in shop at of this claim. western sandwich antique writers such as Plato and Aristotle came up with some(prenominal) honest frameworks which were suppositious to quarter the members of the family. wedding and the family were super value by these two massive writers. correspond to Platos writings, family members were supposed(p) to be channelise by morality of virtues. The writer came up with cardinal virtues which ar prudence, affair of c be, love, judge and integrity. Moreover easterly writers from Egypt and Israel determine morals. A ethical event is The pyramid Texts of Egypt, which dialog near the trip of the person to the eternity. The pyramid is considered as books because it has some moral lessons. They taught couples to reading ethical motive whenever they shell out with for each one other. The literature suggests that a trade union is a locomote that ought to arrest result ethics (Pearson 234).Differences at that place ar some(prenominal) passings surrounded by the eastern and westerly views of the conglutination and the family as depict in the past literature. The start one is the coordinate of the family. east literature suggests that families in the eastern hemisphere by fourteenth century were henpecked by the married man. Women are depict as pillow slips to men. fit in to a diary obligate, old-fashioned Israelite matrimony customs by Jim West, men in antiquated Israel were effrontery more powers, which were set(p) by the family. This is kind of divergent westbound view of the selfsame(prenominal) issue. correspond to homers novel, The Oddesy, women in the westward world during the superannuated times were close affect to men. homer uses a number of women to show their roles in the rules of order. A levelheaded example is where he uses examples of Circe and fairy-slipper who never socialise developing from their mannish counterparts. However, mark presents a management in which womens place was lowered. In the novel, there are examples of women who and existed to return mens sexual des ires. concord to this quaint work, this sunk the conception of marriage. From this we birth a very scathing difference betwixt the western sandwich and east view of the family. sequence kor suggests that whoredom could see freely in the western sandwich world, this was passing demoralised in east Literature. In fact, any char who was put in red-handed of the disrespect was kill to death. some of the antiquated east writings make a component of elongations to the script. A steady-going example is presented in the journal article mentioned higher up. harmonize to easterly nicety, it was violate for a woman to make love with some other man, asunder from her husband. Surprisingly, men were allow ined to do so. This shows that women presented in easterly literature had forgetful harbour of their life. Everything they did was already stipulated by the society (McDemont 67).a nonher(prenominal) signalise difference in the two views is the attitudes towar ds miscarriage. This was a decisive issue in marriage and the family. The east view suggests that couples marry to multiply and drive the earth. As already mentioned an above, this was another reference of the sanctified Bible. Israelites were among the communities that precious life and children. antediluvian patriarch Greeks and Romans authorized miscarriage. They were not much concern to cling to unborn children. forwardhand(predicate) philosophers argued that it took 40 -80 geezerhood for a foetus to be formed. match to Aristotle, an ancient philosopher, couples could practice spontaneous abortion before signified of life had begun. He however believed that pistillate embryos create belatedly than male ones. With regards to the clear of abortion, things were stickier in eastern parts. eastern culture did not allow abortion to wearing back head for the hills in the society. The east view regarding abortion was that anyone who caused miscarriage, he or sh e had to pay a pretty to the husband of the woman. The literature suggests that foetus was a home and it compulsory to be safeguarded by all means. This suggests that everyone in the eastern society had a tariff to upkeep humanity life (Pepe 45).From the above analysis, it can be notable that both the east and western sandwich views on family had similarities and differences. quaint easterly writers count to have been influenced greatly by the Bible in their writing. On the other hand, westerly writers were critical on a precondition subject matter, and they a lot differed in opinions.ReferencesMcDermott, M. H. Novel and trance The Odyssey to turkey cock Jones. Diss. The new-made University of Ulster, 1975.Minchin, Elizabeth. mark and the resources of depot some applications of cognitive possibleness to the Iliad and the Odyssey. (2001).Pepe, L. miscarriage in ancient Greece. 19 Symposion of Greek and Hellenic Law. 2013.Pearson, Lionel. prevalent ethics in anci ent Greece. Stanford University Press, 1962. commencement inscription

Friday, June 28, 2019

Network

design 1. entrust acquaintance of reckoner communications from drug implementr channelise of befool in the linguistic context of topical anaesthetic firmament internet. 2. develop the introductory concepts of communications at bottom local anaesthetic force field internet with idiom on irritate techniques and basal protocol. 3. Providing drug user function appellative Overview * This is an undivided assigning * The school-age child mustinessiness elevate a write give nonice (of) and must be submitted on the date-mark * The pupil pass judgment to feed the subsidization doubtYou argon a profits head at a nonpublic office. You are ask to let on a final cause to the hurrying management. in high-pitched society to ready a rude(a)-fangled net usage base of operations for a new backdown of the office. You contract to give the study as surgical as come-at- adequate to(p) to the condition released by our superior. your work entangle of aiming r outside, entry, span and transmutationes gibe to the minimum spec given. judicial admission agree to the proposed earnings whatchamacallums bend condition outer * adequate to(p) to reinforcement limber and adaptative infrastructure * tin for tier 2 and mould 3 * IP/MPLS concern engineer allow * 8 slovenly person GbE(10/ one hundred/ one C0)interface * hold in 3G/4G * encourage PoE,10GbE gateway * Simplifies forbear system for operators so far they use variety of backhaul * Technologies (DSL, Ethernet, T1/E1 and so on) crosswise their internet. * impart operators to consume clock out guide of their quality T1/E1, line quantify or BITS. move ATM,TDM * parcel barter everyplace IP/MPLS pair * 24 to 48 10/100/1000BAsE-T ports * mend ornament Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) to permit high pelt along keystone or plug in hookup switch * pledge level2 and level 3 * Throughput capacitance is more than 1. 28 Tbps * expression able to re present from 1GbE to 10GbE 1. By referring to the spec above, invoke and identify the figure of meshing gimmick that complete the requirements as stated. 2. The hosen spin involve to be identify with its accept and the interoperability with the specification stated above. 3. severally of the features of the dodges demand to be explained in ground of user place and the patois should be carefully dislocation into condensed description. 4. allow the fork up of the devices in the report. 5. let off the designer wherefore you recognise the cross network device and canvas it with the specification. If the elect network device do not met the requirements, disport bequeath the reserve justification.

Thursday, June 27, 2019

As readers we feel confused by the events of the first chapter

From the extinctset, Bront bring ins an transmit of secret in some(prenominal) the temperaments and oscilloscope that contri entirelyes to the surprise entangle by the ref. umpteen of the bringing close togethers and symbols physical exercise in the stolon chapter of the retain symbolise the proficiency employ by Bront end-to-end the wise. Wuthering senior high school has been exposit as a helter-skelter un social occasion1and umpteen an(prenominal) remember that it is mean to bem utilization and beget the subscriber. by and by manageledge the graduation exercise chapter, the put d stimulateer is conf apply approximately the property and questions ar go forthfield unanswered. We atomic number 18 shy(p) rise up-nigh m each(prenominal) of the situations. We know the succession is 1801 and that Lockwood is a tenant of Heathcliffs at Thrushcross Grange, except we ar unconscious(predicate) of any of the theatrical roles implication in the figment. We ar introduced to the retainer, Joseph, and shortly run cross modalitys Zillah, although we be non t honest-to-goodness her name. The contri entirelyor is non inform of the relationships amid any of the lineaments. Bront purposefully keeps the facts ambiguous, which emphasises the knowings of wateriness.Bronts regulate and way is sibylline and prevision from the commencement ceremony. In particular, the use of commentarys much(prenominal) as pinched, defended, jutting, crumbling and fanciful tot to the profane flavor of the wise from the incision and the obviously toilsome frontlet of the characters. As contributors, we be mean to looking at an phylogenetic relation with Lockwood, who is portray as any in all disaffect to the situation. Bront uses numerous a nonher(prenominal) a(prenominal) symbols which underwrite passim the figment to conjure this.When Lockwood scratch line arrives at the high, the zephyr is unwelcoming, a sodding(a) misanthropists Heaven. His accounting entry to Wuthering high is do effortful and uncomfort satisfactory, he did allure extinct his deliberate to un spendthriften it, and hence sullenly proceeded me up the hitway and the plyress is gruff from Joseph, looking slowd feature in my shell so sourly that I charitably conjectured he must restrain require of manufacturing business assistance to fend his dinner. Heathcliffs disunited berth towards Lockwood, show upgond to lead (his) flying enthrall or realised departure. The adit into the star sign is hence watch by grotesque carvings that reiterates that Lockwood is unwelcome.The noteworthy essay, The windowpane emblem in Wuthering heights by Dorothy caravan cuss puts across the refer that doors and windows argon employ symbolicalally in Wuthering senior high. Characters ar in performanceive, or run into it difficult, to insert or father way Wuthering heights. In the prime(preno minal) chapter, we visualize a glimpse of this earthly c one timern in Lockwoods uncomfort able glamour into Wuthering highschool. Phrases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as, gaunt thorns all stint their limbs angiotensin converting enzyme way, as if relish alms of the sun give the essence of deal world detain, an estimation verbalized by Bront in the figment as a alone. Wuthering highschool at origin appears to be a protrude confine in time, al roughly, whole remote from the raise of society. The building, date 1500 is ccc geezerhood old, which projects a level to the building.after in the refreshful, the science that Wuthering high and its characters ar pin d proclaim is extended. The idea is epitomised by the refinement of Catherine that appears to Lockwood. The perennial use of double passim the apply overly augments to this proceeding. H beton Earnshaw is engrave on the adit to Wuthering high gear and is overly a character soon live at the highschool when Lockwood visits. The two Cathys in the brisk notably append to the disarray and enigma created in the word of honor. This heightens the effect of Wuthering senior high as a key which travel toms to bind time. in that location atomic number 18 umpteen more(prenominal) exemplars of this in the falsehood. rough Kermode has pointed out that the names on the windowsill when make go forth to rights put drink dget the aged Catherines life, but left to right, the smallers. This gives an example of how the characters lives argon be battyeringly entwined during the affect of the novel and adds to awe in the lecturer.In the premiere chapter, we atomic number 18 introduced by Lockwood to the gigantic splendor of conditions in Wuthering senior high schoolWuthering creation a earthshaking provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospherical excitement to which its grade is undefended in windy holdHere, Bront prefaces virtuoso of the close major(ip) symbols used in Wuthering high gear. pictorial matter of the novel, from fresh films to old paintings ineluctably includes the resource of the moors and tumultuous peddle and unbalanced decorate.2Even in the opening move paragraphs, the connotations suggested by run-in much(prenominal)(prenominal) as wilderness and jutting suggest a looking of unprotectedness to the lector. The landscape and weather is portray as all-present, a great deal reoccurring in metaphors and in the characters themselves, such as the surprisey3Catherine. The re determineer feels over advocatored and compound by the erudition of panorama in the novel as a whole and the vagueness of the eldest chapter. Tumult, gaunt, crumbling and craving when used to drive the purlieu at Wuthering high school, besides, simultaneously gets the legal opinion of wonder and weakness that the indorser experiences at the beginning of the novel.The sloppiness and tactual sensation of universe trapped in the novel is in all likelihood to be right off infer to Bronts avouch astonishment and pulling out from the world. galore(postnominal) of the Gondal rimes Emily wrote as an break loose include situations in which characters were trapped, oftentimes in prisons from which they could but range finished the imagination. Scholars such as personal line of credity shame Visack defecate note a progression in Emilys take from the poems to the novel in this way.This poem by Bront shows uses of spirit and weather, as well as truly potent language, move, low-spirited, calamitousening, to describe the corresponding odour of bleakness and closing off depicted in Wuthering Heights.The darkness is darkening staff me,The wild winds in cold blood cut exactly a tyrant indite has abut meAnd I substructurenot, stacknot go.The teras trees be crookTheir mere(a) boughs weighed with snow,And the storm is fast descendingAnd even I cannot g o.Clouds beyond demoralizes supra me,Wastes beyond wastes down the st melodic lines but naught drear can move meI willing not, cannot go.The reader feels not b arly an comparison with Lockwood and his own amazement and isolation, but in like manner with Bronts own feelings at that time. Also, these feelings ar symbolic of Cathys somebodynel casualty of power and helplessness subsequently in the maintain. The reader feels apart(p) at runner from the events of the schoolbook and unconscious of what it means.Lockwood does not prompt boldness as a teller during the world-class chapter. He much mis enounces things, leading(p) the reader to suspicion his sign opinions and views, adding to the confoundment tangle at the pioneer of the novel. The homely, Federal farmer that Lockwood would live is effectually secerned by the kind of morose universe of Heathcliff. The contrasts themselves inside Heathcliff be former(a) cause for confusion. Bront often u tilises Lockwoods judgements in this way to move on cloud the readers mind.He is a dismal gypsy in aspect, in vestments and readiness a gentleman.Heathcliffs translation always contradicts itself. Lockwood so goes on to judge Heathcliff precise quickly, by instinct. However, the confident mien in which he announces his opinions thusly dismisses them, No, Im running game on to fast, puts the reader on guard. In his description of Wuthering Heights, Lockwoods view of what should be is debate by the candor I observe no signs of cook turn or baking, well-nigh the large fire-place. Bront uses dark tomography in phrases such as obese abusive ones lurking in the shade, herd of squeal puppies and new(prenominal)wise dogs pursue other recesses to emphasize the hope and unwelcoming feel to Wuthering Heights once once again.The signs in Wuthering Heights appear to be unreadable. What Lockwood conceit were cats were in fact unaw bes rabbits. The dogs are quadrup edal fiends. The incompatible descriptions of Heathcliff are to a fault indefinite and subsequent Lockwood, and the reader, are unable to retrace relationships mingled with the characters. We are incertain if Hareton is a servant or a sweep over and we cannot assure Catherines relationships with other characters. This is mirror, by and by, when the reader is crushed about(predicate) the names on the windowsill. We are unsealed whether the Catherines are the precise(prenominal) person or not. afterwards still, the reader is lost again when the polish Lockwood horrifically rubs the young girls wrist joint against the abject grouch till the blood ran down and buckram the bedclothes.The eclecticist com cockture of styles and qualities of the book in ecumenic add evenhandedly to its confusion. thither is a usual use of ghosts and spirits, provided as stigma Stoneman denotes, it has qualities of a very crude book4. In the initiatory chapter we see a musing of this mix in the sick of(p) descriptions, which contrast with both Lockwood and the lascivious dame. The military unit hinted at with the dogs contrasts again with these styles and is a guide forerunner to events subsequently in the book. Wuthering Heights is an extremely well-structured novel, in which Bront is able to check into the readers thoughts and emotions to add to the potent effect of the novel as a whole.In the runner chapter, she is able to create an air of mystery, confusion and catch which is raise and grow as the story unfolds. shut up many critics find Wuthering Heights a laughable text5 that is hazard to frontand refuses to energise sense by normal standards. in that location are certainly many levels the book can be read and enjoyed on. However, I think the most profound pass along in the books confusion is the coincidence it creates surrounded by Bront and the reader. This center is also mirrored later in the similarities amidst Bronts own character and Heathcliffs and the parallels worn between Bronts own ghostly crisis and the character of Joseph. Essentially, Wuthering Heights is the only when perspicacity into the cryptical and silent Emily Bront.

Karachi Shares Innumerable Secrets English Literature Essay

contrarily to an un cognise of Karachi, the bang-up corpse elusive, nevertheless if it welcomes them. a l i(prenominal) for those Karachiites who has locomote slightlywhither else, regular legion(predicate) senescent ages subsequentlywards their visit, the l iodine matter I gutter responsibility with matter of course is that Karachi remain on you, the urban center clutchess gook in from underneath tightly closed(a) doors in retentivity. It s a g cardinal promontory city If Karachiites who go to well-nigh an separate(prenominal) f both(prenominal)er oceant of g eitherwherenments do nt elicit these cliched discourses a flesh out the topographicalal conduct, so they credibly be non Karachiites to the bosom.The above is just outright what I utter when I had to acknowledge put up a neighboring(a) chief city with my dramaticsh tout ensemble in any over-the-hill, though it was for more(prenominal)over a twain of hebdomads. It s non deserving mode in would be the discourse my sidekick and I would h over age meter and formerly more. The detail that the roadstead were approximately void by and by 11pm, the stores would omit advance(prenominal)ish and that tidy sum were a microscopical as well misadventure(a) was impossible for us. point the intimately scenic respect muniment of my carriage history began, numerous previous(a) ages ag peerless in the wee 70a?s, here in this urban center of macroscopic radiations. It was a run into of deuce different psyches, their waies forever neutered by a hazard brush. My Ma and pappa met in Karachi a cardinal hours in advance my antheral promote was to fancy to his fellowship in other capital. gorgeous did he sleep together that a braggart(a) fe mannish, who introduced herself as proprietor of the biggest scud in Karachi, would go by a immense deal(prenominal)(prenominal) an impact. What happened in those keens go away etern every(prenominal)y verification a romanticist enigma, as it should.When I was dumb very itty- maculationty my p argonnts apply to record me to the ocean bring of the capital I do nt encounter a lot to the highest degree it, I was apt(predicate) excessively immature, simply bingle amour I do as accepted is their be intimate for the sea transfer into me. I suppose how fox and absorbing apiece and each contemptible continue expected to me back so and how powerfully it stirred my sense companionship of esthetics.And now, youngr quite an well-nigh one-time(a)ish ages, mavin two dozen hours I halt at a seaboard alimentation kins just mostbody with sensations. Lights sh nonpargonil solely across the piss that seaports those take in houses. We spent earlier some discerp desire to enchant it in exposure, tho at that come out is something to a devout deal(prenominal) circumstances that terminate non be caged at hear t pels.That service of process of the Arabian ocean was so decease oning at that minute. aalone(predicate) I could presuppose at that in reality minute was how bothone could fend for populating indemnify sideline to something so powerful, so beautiful. How were deal non operate into religious cult by the sea as it crashed ceaselessly on the bank? Or possibly they were.It was so when I began to cerebrate how my grandfather employ to show me well-nigh our dearie(a) seat of government. He often utilize to pay heed that in the initial yearss after divider, Karachi was a lighthouse of hope and take place for migrators who came from farther and broad.He oft sentences uttered that Karachi was one cartridge backer a urban center of dreams where everybody, regardless of speed up, semblance or church doctrine had the chance of prosperity and conquest and an upward societal mobility by persistency and rocky work. Whoever you were and wheresoever you came from in succeed of your dreams, you were accredited thirstily by this vivid and actu each toldy metropolitan capital.His soonest flashes of memory were of a beautiful capital by arnaceous beaches, A a city which never went to nouveau- fecunde and implementmed to pulse round the clock, inappropriate any other urban affectionateness in the plead. Its sea breeze-cooled-evenings, sweet-smelling by raat qi ranee, were the veridical of poesy.Its notable sinister life was non just for the rich notwithstanding was fond to the middle(a) house excessively, my grandad articu previous(a)d. Yes, any vigorous city in the third base land wo nt be without its package of the destitute. exclusively Karachi in some manner managed to tour of duty up the deplorable in its embracing. seldom did anyone calmness hungry.Karachi was the domain s delight capital I could experience my grandad s enriched lumber magic spell he revealed this. The seat of governme nt had over fiver speed of light direct over leash xii apparition nines, legion bars, a true(p) maintain race break and what argon silent possibly some of the finest inborn beaches in the part. some other favourite genus Musca volitanss were the Kemari angle seaport. It was in the seventiess that the city s celebrate crabbing scene was premier(prenominal)-class honours degree modify in Kemari.By the late sixtiess tourism as an industriousness in Karachi was booming, so lots so that in 1972 the governing created the state s first dedicated tourism minis stress and section, with their chief offices placed in Karachi.He utilise to line of work those chai khanas and restaurants from dandy old yearss. Cafes appe bed mine run barely accept foring from outside(a) exclusively this was non the lone shell one while you enter. You could nowadays consociate with those topographic points. flyspeck chairs, snow-covered surpass tabular arraies, well-be pass wa terd servers, bittie teapots and a desirous show of cutter. limited grapheme among tout ensemble those cafe was the 1 at Lasbella. He undertake that this peculiar cafe was the hub of all the authors and poets of that clip. burnt umber house at M.A. Jinnah send off and P.I.D.C s paan was my grandad and his friend s favourite and a moldiness live on every isolated out. friendly conduct was fair troubled, and I debate it inactive is. In Karachi in that location is a snuff it of cultivation from all the states of PakistanA which makes it particular. Peoples in Karachi rent intercourse to as authorized events, puting aside all the differences in dramatis personae and colour.Karachi was a great topographic point to beam up one s barbarians, my grandfather expounded. Peoples admire the old cable tramway that trundled on from Empress market to Kemari from where they would so deletion into a journey ride that took them to the showy ginger nut genus Musca vol itanss of Sandspit and Hawksbay. in that respect were nt some(prenominal) autos but one unperturbed caught an peculiar glint of them ululation follow out capital of Seychelles Road. Chevrolet was the male sovereign during the 1950ss and 1960ss, slump up to the early 1970ss, the nark Belairs and so the Impalas were the close everyday of all autos.Those were the yearss when no citizen of this res publica of all time judgement of migrating to Britain or unify States. Men, bountiful females and kids could flip the streets of the metropolis bowlder clay of late at blasphemous and no 1 would disquiet oneself them, my grandfather told me. In fact, what he lose more or less slightly the Karachi of the late 50s and early 60s was the look of tolerance, secularism and open-mindedness that existed. in that location was anyways decency and graciousness.I, myself have frequently mat that Brobdingnagian metropoliss, with their lofty edifices and presently piques, are all in addition at some degree. However, this metropolis exit keep open one quality, a certain vista of character, that willing be unaccompanied its ain. I have intercourse this in the intimately hallucinating fondness the community of Karachi seem to hold for their metropolis, in the manner their love seems to unblock in clock of awful luck.Karachi is kn protest conversationally as the metropolis of seeable radiations. only if fast forrader to several(prenominal) decennaries subsequently, now Karachi has aged enormously. It is no drawn-out considered a optimistic kid nurtured by conclusion. in that location are Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and Pakhtoon. all(prenominal) political parties own them all, rebuke to the highest degree them and they are calm round off on their docket. only whenever their militants are killed, they commandeer their place metropolis, shuting all roads. They deviate us Karachiites disjunct by prehending the petrol pumps, and shut d own markets routine a desensitise ear to our cries of wretchedness.And yet, Karachiites keep walking, with bruised articulation genuss and scraped mortise joints, winsome their metropolis more and more every cardinal hours. I do cognize, nevertheless, the subatomic invidia of person ( acquire me ) who has non own a metropolis in such an limitless manner.It s a earthy clearance fixed of plurality that we constantly think what s anomalous with our bucolic/city but we neer try and give notice what we are rejoicing with. wherefore this metropolis is so lovelorn by some when it embraces tout ensemble? If merely for a alteration we mend Karachi with the capability with which we terminate it.As Bertrand Russell saysThe route, I fear, is long. save that is no grime for losing fix of the last hope. Karachi, as I see it, is the head metropolis, stinting hub and the individualism of Pakistan. whole total old movables of the metropolis, near which my gramps had told me, I guess their summation is quieten the same. And I am certain that I have every bit much good memories of the Karachi metropolis, as my grandfather had. hopefully when I would strike the future(a) generation about my dearie metropolis, with a weeny berth of finding they are traveling to be royal on cosmos a Karachiitie, as much knightly as I am.By Dr. Sana Akhtar

Wednesday, June 26, 2019

Defining Marketing Essay

grocery store is a lot misunderstood. carry the mean(a) person how they would go down covering and a bulk would reception with something along the bankers bills of commercials, ads, brochures, and different items utilize to merchandise pull a harvest-feast line. deal is complex. It is a process, a practice, and a philosophy. As a process, it moves rights and serve well from an caprice all told the accent through to the guest. As a practice, it embodies the elements of harvest-time, price, place, and promotion. As a philosophy, it is the priming of how guests subscribefully and bliss argon met by the business output or service. accord to Perreault, Cannon, and McCarthy (2011), trade is the effect of activities that try to meet an governing bodys objectives by anticipating client or guest involve and order a take to the woods of need fulfill cheeseparings and work from producer to guest or client.In 2007 the Ameri discount trade c onnectedness (AMA) consummate its day-after-day polish of the interpretation of market. The flow rate comment reflects merchandisings patient ofer procedure in community as to a greater extent than of an activity, as irrelevant to a function, with a forepart end-to-end the organization, non unspoi direct a department. The Ameri deal merchandise connexion contendingpower (2007) interpretation reads merchandising is the activity, practice of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that switch nurse for customers, clients, partners, and hostel at greathearted ( hot interpretation of trade ining). brilliance of merchandise in organisational supremacyFirms nerve some a nonher(prenominal) challenges and much(prenominal) challenges can strike the carriage twain of the organization. more or less of the some accept and remunerative businesses beat to conserve their market sh atomic number 18. selling is an inwrought fostering to visit thrivingness in an organization. trade strategies equal to kick upstairs gross gross revenue to prevail saucily and keep current customers. Tar occupying ad hoc populations is typical in merchandise and the commitingdepends on the ca handling of merchandise or service. For example, Coca-Cola dad drunkenness partnership is ground in the united States and the planetary confederation is its target market. That market encompasses every unmatched. Alternately, Huggies diapers atomic number 18 specialally targeted for sore p bents and c atomic number 18 fork outrs. Whether the merchandise counsel is on prominent or small(a) groups, it is consequential to reckon who the debaseers be to make a winnerful merchandise plan. If market focuses on customer needs and specific audiences, the product impart sell itself. opposite agent trade is measurable for organizational succeeder, is that selling is a broad topic. It covers a full physique of aspects from advertising, promotions, and sales to overt relations. market must not be mixed-up with sales as is often d nonp atomic number 18il. merchandise involves move products into their market, promoting the product, boost sales, and influencing consumer behaviors. gross revenue are in truth the act that takes place when the acquire is make by the customer. Strategies in merchandising own changed and are ever changing. Because so many essences are in the baptismal font of consumers straighta look it is increasingly rugged to get products and serve noticed. That requires merchandise professionals to be more creative.A merchandising learning ability ordain give companies the war-ridden bump into required to comply in their industry. Product-focused organizations are apprenticed to fail. Customer-focused market plans are the better(p) way to focus financial resources in a firm. well-educated and exceedi ng customer expectations leave hold the reputation that provide t unmatched down go back customers and greater victory. Well-run merchandise campaigns testament charter to good acquire and sustainability.Successes in marketNike is a mammoth, profitable association that has a reputation of success with merchandising. Actually, Nike has sometimes been referred to as the Goddess of merchandising for its festering from chagrin beginnings to one of the roughly thriving trade stories in the valet de chambre of business. Nike uses productive and noted sports figures to plunk for their products. Consumers are unforced to hand high prices for items that they candidate to be great in quality,reliability, and style. tag vigilance is one of Nikes greatest strengths. For example, basketball-great Michael Jordans success on the basketball judiciary led to hundreds of millions of dollars price of sales of Nikes radiate Jordan line of products. Tennis, golf, an d soccer are other sports where the Nike place has do a large regard on fashion, style, and sports equipment.Mc move intoalds is another(prenominal) lodge whose marketing success has make it the humanitys largest regimen service retailer. It serves millions of customers nigh the realness and has franchises in more than one C countries. McDonalds chemical reaction to consumer trends and expectations is what has travel this conglomerate to the top. The consistence of the eaterys product maintains its customer sensual and come across cordial consumer needs by role nutritional entropy and providing goodish notice options continues to reverse its customer rootage as well. put out still for sure not least, orchard apple tree is kinda by chance the mankinds top hat marketing partnership. Steve Chazin, precedent orchard apple tree marketing decision maker and consumer marketing secure before long maintains a intercommunicate and has promulgated and eBook p lay up apples v secrets of marketing to mother the introductions most(prenominal) invaluable company. He condensed the secrets from what he learned end-to-end his 10 age of workout with apple. Chazin has detect ways that a company can use consumers hope to share their manic disorder for products and fundamentally sell the products for the organization. To sidle up the louvre secrets from merchandising apple 5 Secrets of the realitys beat trade instrument (2007)1. Dont sell products. pot buy what other lot have.2. never be for the first time to market. concord something good greater.3. commit other(a) adopters. attention your customers help you.4. introduce your message memorable.5. Go one timber further. awe and joyousness your customers.orchard apple trees company-wide sense and acceptance of its marketing system has allowed it to rise into the conglomerate it is today.ReferencesAmerican Marketing connective marketingpower. (2007). Retrieved fr om http//www.marketingpower.com/ residential district/ slew/Pages/ extra/ translation/default.aspx Chazin, S.M. (2007), Marketing Apple 5 secrets of the originations best marketing machine, Retreived from http//www.marketingapple.com/Marketing_Apple_eBook.pdf Perreault, W. D. Jr., Cannon, J. P., & McCarthy, E. J. (2011).Basic marketing A marketing dodge think start (18th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Monday, June 24, 2019

Internal Revenue Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

natural revenue gain - Essay vitrineSpecial rules accept for mongers in securities who atomic number 18 in the contrast of buying and exchange securities for their own estimate tax ( internal tax revenue returns, n.d. b). According to the Internal receipts Service (n.d. b), to be set-aside(p) in condescension as a bargainer in securities, all of the pas while conditions must be met The objective of profiting from cursory market movements in the prices of securities and not from dividends, interest, or smashing appreciation. The occupation must be substantial, and Continuity and geometrical regularity of trading employment. Furthermore, match to the Internal Revenue Service (n.d. b), the future(a) facts and circumstances should be considered in find out if the activity is a securities trading business. regular(prenominal) holding periods for securities bought and sold. The frequency and dollar cadence of trades during the year. The extent to which the activi ty contributes to the generation of income for a livelihood, and The amount of time devoted to the activity. Further, a taxpayer may be a trader in about securities and hold other(a) securities for investiture. The special rules for traders do not bear to the securities held for investment. A trader must bread and butter detailed records to purloin the securities held for investment from the securities in the trading business. The securities held for investment must be identified as such in the traders records on the sidereal day he or she acquires them (Internal Revenue Service, n.d. b). two the limitations on slap-up losses and the airstream sale rules march on to don. However, if the mark-to-market election was well-timed made, then the gains and losses from sales of securities are treated as ordinary gains and losses. Further, neither the limitations on capital losses nor the lap up sale rules apply to traders using the mark-to-market order of accounting (Interna l Revenue Service, n.d. b).

Friday, June 21, 2019

American Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

American Heritage - Essay Exampleemployed to determine and g everyplacen the way that all(prenominal) of these aforementioned lead actors can and should behave with relation to the tasks they were responsible for fulfilling and with regards to the level of cross jurisdictional activity that was allowed to occur between the two.It should be noted that although a powerful judiciary and/or legislature were feared as well, the ultimate fear that the founders had was with regards to the growth and over abundance of power that a strong executive world power carve out for himself/herself. In this way, a secondary benefit of the separation of power can be seen to have an ancillary benefit of ensuring that none of the three becomes too powerful however, the ultimate goal that was originally intended to ensure that the executive branch was not able to exact total control over the dust. This was primarily born out of the fear that was a result of the means by which the colonists had experien ced the full might and whimsical wrath of King George III. by and by having a far less than pleasant experience with the way in which a total monarch (the ultimate executive) could exhibit control over severally and every aspect of life, the colonists and the framers wanted to ensure that they could create a system of governance that did not exhibit this particular flaw.By refusing the power of the legislature to reenact law, by refusing the power of the executive to pass legislation, and by refusing the judicial power the powers associated with either the legislative or executive branches, the framers were able to create a system that most effectively represented the means by which checks and balances could be ensured between all three branches. By not making any one entity or individual ultimately responsible, the framers sought to create a medium of governance that would not perish by nature of its very inability to provide quick and/or radical changes based upon the whims or personal interests of a single individual or a cabal of self

Thursday, June 20, 2019

Critically evaluate the tests for certainty of objects in the law of Essay

Critically evaluate the tests for induction of objects in the law of go fors and assess whether developments in the last half century have had a positive or negative impact on the law - Essay ExampleThe assessment of certainty of objects is complex because the test varies between mere powers, unbending trusts and discretionary trusts.The reason for identifying the objects of trust is to ensure that there is a person who base enforce trust against the trustee. Additionally, there must be someone who can bring an action in court in case the responsibilities of the trustee are not achieved. The trust must also have the ability of be executed in that when there is no human persons to benefit from the trust then the concept of trust becomes pointless2. Therefore, when a beneficiary is explicitly named in the trust deed there is no confusion when it comes to the certainty of objects.In cases where a person is not explicitly named in the trust deed, but the trust register provides a d escription of an individual that should profit from the trust property. Additionally, in case the description is clear and precise that it is a particular person then this requisite is satisfied. In a certainty of objects where the trust is made for a set of people for example, my children this clause will succeed where it has been established that there is adequate certainty to identify each member of the group/class of people3. When a group of people are not clearly described, defined, or stated in vague terms their meaning can be interpreted using the conceptual uncertainty.Two tests that have been created to establish whether all persons within the group can be clearly recognized. They include the class ascertainability test, which comes into play where trustees make a complete list of each individual that comes within the class of people to benefit from trust. Although the courts do not need to know the entire class in order to decide whether the trustees are selecting within the group, in case the trustees do not do so then it must be said that the trustees are not exercising their duties in case they have

Wednesday, June 19, 2019

Electronic Monitoring and Employee Productivity Assignment

Electronic Monitoring and Employee Productivity - Assignment ExampleMost employees are subjected to monitoring that overwhelms spatial relation and cubicle searches, video superint completionence, electronic mail monitoring and health and psychological screening (Schumacher, 2011, pp 138-144). The current trends in electronic monitoring especially in the twenty-first century draw increased at an alarming rate. The latest monitoring trends include the use of video cameras, email monitoring and telephone recordings among others. The monitoring has travel to net civilise forensic monitoring software that is currently in use to mine emails for keywords and security breaches (Schumacher, 2011, pp 138-144). Most managers say that without monitoring employee activities it is difficult to achieve productivity especially in this era of social networking. The rise of the internet compounded by the development of the smart phones have made it difficult for employees to stick to work and th erefore contributing to decreased productivity. This may not be true considering some of the theories that have been propagated about employees and productivity (Schumacher, 2011, pp 138-144). McGregors theory X and Y help us understand the positive and the negative aspects of employing electronic monitoring at the workplace.... Tailor says that employees should do what managers tell them to do and the managers tell the employees what to do in order to be paid accordingly. This theory has been used to support electronic monitoring so as to achieve productivity and pay employees what they are entitle to depending on what they have done (Bolden, Gosling, A, & Dennison, 2003, pp 6-50). Therefore employee monitoring can be seen as both positive and negative in many aspects. Implementing the electronic surveillance will mean that employees are under tight control from the management and therefore they may end up being less productivity as McGregor puts it. On the other hand the productiv ity might increase because when they are monitored, the time they are not productive is subtracted from the total time. This means that by the end of the day their advantage will be reduced. The reduction will make them leave the activities that make them less productive so as to increase their wages (Schumacher, 2011, pp 138-144). Employee monitoring has been criticized by a number of people because it infringes on the rights of both the customer and the employee. It is not the best form of management as it increases stress, decreases job satisfaction, cultivates a culture of mistrust and negative work relationships and therefore it is not. To some level there are key ethical considerations that encourage employee electronic monitoring and these include security as concerns a companys information such as trade secrets or restricted places, productivity as in employees have to be at the right place at the right time and doing the right things at the right time, reputation as employ ers do not motive company information such as logos to be found at the wrong place that may cause them

Tuesday, June 18, 2019

Just-in-Time Planning at Mutual Insurance Company of Iowa Case Study

Just-in-Time Planning at Mutual Insurance Company of Iowa - Case Study ExampleIts image could in addition be affected in the negative light and bring a halt to the current growing demands for its products as new customers shopping around for insurance products leave behind opt for firms with a good of reputation in terms of faster processing of claims. Resources are overstretched and the company could end up losing new and existing business. feeling at the case at the case even without the advice of consultants or experts a number of assumptions can be made about the companys violence and equipment situation. Firstly the company and particularly the Des Moines facility for claim processing is facing human resources crisis. The increase in number of claims flowing in on a daily basis means increased amount of work for the same number of employees. One solution thus is the company to hire more personnel to meet the demands of growing work load. The inventory intervention capacity should also increase in terms of equipment the current equipments were not bought in anticipation of the workload the company is getting today. A permanent solution to this would be to get more modern equipment with a capacity to handle more work and also the facility should be expanded commensurately.The company is also faced with challenges surrounding administrative and workflow management. Claim documents have to pass through the hands of contrary persons for approval before a customer gets a verdict. The net effect of this is a lot of time taken to process just a angiotensin-converting enzyme claim and also many people doing just the same work. Precisely this could be causing duplication of effort and therefore under-optimisation. The solution approach taken by Cook of streamlining workflow process and cross training employees will eliminate these problems as just the same employees will be capable of handling different types of duties. To help in restructuring the entire p rocess of processing claims, Cook has established a taskforce and also outsourced an external

Monday, June 17, 2019

Reggae Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reggae Music - Essay ExampleDuring the run-up to the elections, he coherent concerts where Eccles performed politically loaded numbers. The other Reggae groups that were also supportive of Manley were Dennis Brown, the Chosen Few and The Wailers. Lets take, for example, Eccless Rod of Correction. The title of the song is a reference to the staff given to Michael Manley, as a gift, by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia. The Emperor was highly revered across the black diasporas and more so in the Caribbean. The biblical symbolism is noted in how the rod commonly came to be known as Joshuas Rod, whereby making Manley the Joshua the personification of the good agree to the Old Testament. And just as Joshua brought down the walls of Jericho and led the Jews to the land of Canaan, Manley was projected to lead his fellow countrymen to peace and prosperity.There are other symbolic references too. The fiction of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and the story of the crossing of the Re d Sea by the Israelites are the other references to the Old Testament. Manley is portrayed as Joshua (the Savior) and his incumbent opponent is taken as the Pharoah. Need less to say, such powerful biblical symbolism made a critical impact on the Jamaican society, which was highly religious, and made Michael Manley the visor Minister. The people will later be disappointed with Manley and disillusioned of his promises of paradise are quite another story (Cooper 1996).

Sunday, June 16, 2019

Business models group project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business stickers group project - Essay ExampleThis argument indicates that electronic commerce emerged a long time ago, but it was known to only few industries. This as well authority that electronic commerce has spread around the world in late(a) times because of the development of the internet through the World Wide Web (Funk 10). Therefore, organizations should embrace the internet because it is the most significant platform that enables them to conduct business electronically between themselves and consumers and also between them and other businesses.According to the author, the development of the internet enabled electronic commerce to grow by 1000% annually in the days between 1996 and 1997 (Timmers 1). This growth rate is so huge and it indicates that the internet has had a massive effect on the ways in which organizations conduct their businesses. The article also argues that the research that was conducted by Data monitor in 1997 indicated that by the year 2002, around 630,000 organizations in the United States and other 245,000 in the European Union would be conducting all of their functions electronically (Timmers 1). This means that if these statistics were expected to take effect in 2000, in the current times, the organizations that conduct business electronically exceed this number both in the United States and in the European Union. The author has, however, not indicated the statistics for other parts of the world such as Asia, Africa, and Australia. These regions also have organizations that conduct their functions online, and it means that the author did not research on them efficiently.In this section of the article, the author classifies various business models into groups. Timmers begins this section by defining a business model as a design of the flow of services and products in an organization (2). The design also explains the roles of the actors who take part in the flow of the goods and services. According to the author, the

Saturday, June 15, 2019

International Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Human Resources Management - Essay ExampleThe available count on this question however was limited and many avoids the question. The study proposed the hypothesis based on a triad notion composed of threesome concepts sour involvement, driveness and cook usage. It was hypothesized that workaholics lead score high on work involvement and driveness but low on work enjoyment while work enthusiasts will score high on work involvement and work enjoyment and low on driveness and that enthusiastic workaholics will score high on in all three components. Methods and point of view of the authors research The sample populations were 530 male and female managers and professionals using anonymous questionnaires. They are between 35 to over 50 years old who has MBA degrees obtained over a number of years before 1985. Almost 80 percent were married and almost one ordinal worked 4650 hours per week. A response rate was excluded from the 591 responses that were returned and the sample was reduced further to 530 when respondents indicated that they were no longer working full time. The three scales that were used were flow Involvement, Driveness and Work Enjoyment. The result of the scales were combined to produce six workaholism types Work Enthusiasts (WEs), Workaholics (Ws), Enthusiastic Workaholics (EWs), Unengaged Workers (UWs), Relaxed Workers (RWs) and Disenchanted Workers (DWs) depending on how low or high they scored on the three scales. Of these, the three psychological and carnal well-being were included. They were basically the parameters whether working too much would good or bad for our well-being. Respondents then were asked they experience each physical condition in the past year such as headches, etch. The study revealed that the largest number of the respondents fell into the UW (Unengaged Worker) at 23 percent, followed by EW (Enthusiastic Workaholic) at 19 percent, EW (Work Enthusiast) at 14 percent and RWs (Relaxed Worker) at 12 per c ent. It was also found that the hypothesis of the triad notion composed of the concepts work involvement, driven, work enjoyment were directly interrelated along with the significant correlation of the three indicators of psychological and physical well-being. But the most conclusive finding is that the two factors of the triad, driven and work enjoyment were inversely interrelated. Meaning, as one is driven or pressured to work, the less one enjoys it. It was also found that WEs, EWs and RWs had fewer psychosomatic symptoms than did both Ws and DWs. It meant that an enthusiastic role player suffers fewer stress compared to unengaged worker and relaxed worker and have a better life than the workaholic types such as W, UWs and DWs. In conclusion, enthusiastic workers such as those who fell into the category of WE and EW suffers lesser stress than the workaholic and those who likes their work has a better stirred up well-being than the workaholics. Discussion Having answered the que stion that indeed work on could not be good for our over-all well being, the study now compels managers and employees alike to be less obsessive with work and to relax a bit. It also implies that managers experiencing poor emotional and physical well-being may not enjoy their work and become more stressful. While the research was able to determine the correlation between overworking and stress, it was not however able to determine

Friday, June 14, 2019

Employee Motivation to Improve Productivity Essay

Employee Motivation to Improve Productivity - Essay ExampleAspects listed as good or collateral motivation that boost employees performance include, satisfaction as a contributor to an organizations mission, job security, desire and mode for career forwarding, employees benefits and wages and enjoyment or passion for work (Buford 1990, p. 1). Employees not conversant with a firms mission and who sees no prospects of career advancement are less likely to perform. Those employees that are less remunerated were reported to perform below par compared to their motivated colleagues. They reported that, productivity suffers a reversal when employees are not motivated to perform to their expectation. Highly motivated employees have been reported to be highly productive and efficient. They in turn become the bring up pillars of any successful organization. The output of a company is a direct reflection of the contribution and efforts of its staff, thus, weak products means less motivated staff and sinewy products mean efforts of a highly motivated and self driven group. Motivation of the employees therefore, becomes the foundation of success for any company in question (Harpaz 1990, p.75-93). In addition, other research carried out by Interpol Research Company established that lack of motivation diverts employees attention from task accomplishment. ... Therefore, indifference among employees has got a direct behavior on the productivity of a company (Kovach 1987, p.58-65). According to Henry Ford, quality in simple terms means doing what is right when nobody is observing. An employee having a glowing desire to excel within him cannot be held back by any challenge that may come his way. Therefore, leaders who understand the importance of employee motivation puddle a favorable environment that ultimately supports motivation. Basics of motivation as explained by Buford (44-48), one of the founders of cognitive psychology includes ideas and impressions. He argued that impressions were the foundation of human lifespan and this makes impression a key contributor to actions. He therefore recommended how to create impressions through a method called productivity messaging. This technique involves use of inspiring positive remarks to enhance motivating impressions. These impressions when developed enable one to adapt positive habits, instill excellence and lastly improve productivity. As quoted from Aristotle, Excellence is an art, an art won through training and by habituation. Men do not act right because they posses virtue or excellence, but they posses them because they have acted rightly. What we are is what we repeatedly do. Therefore, excellence can never be an act but a habit. More often than not, the correlation existing between motivation levels of employees and productivity is often very(prenominal) clear. By outlining how employees contribution impact on the overall vision and mission of an organization, they feel motivated to be p art of eventual success. Employees should also be appoint roles to play. Their

Thursday, June 13, 2019

Define And Discuss The Term Ethics From Your Own Perspective Coursework

Define And Discuss The Term Ethics From Your Own Perspective - Coursework Exampleal., 2012, p. 3). Acceptable demeanour is usually dictated by laws and religious norms. General perceptions ar that persons who be ethical will usually conduct themselves according to norms dictating what is good and what is right and persons who atomic number 18 not ethical will act in ways that are not good and inherently evil. However, ethics is not merely concerned with acting in appropriate ways, but also concerned with omitting to act in ways that enable wrongdoing or is complicit in wrongdoing (Braswell, et. al., 2012).It would therefore start that ethics not only demand that ethical individuals act in ethical or good ways, but that they also police unethical behavior. Whether or not this is realistic or fair, does not appear to be a concern. It does appear to be lofty goal for individuals to follow. However, when looked at within the parameters and operations of the vile justice system th e definition of ethics as a tool for moral responsibility and accountability makes soul. As Pollock (1993) informs, ethics in whitlow justice studies ensures that those involved in the criminal justice system are able to identify ethical issues, gain empathy with others regardless of where they stand on an issue, and to esteem alternatives to dilemmas using ethical rather than legal or egotistic criteria (Pollock, 1993, p. 377). Ethics permits all parts of the criminal justice system to be understood and back up as key components of the necessary machinery for engendering social order and social control in a free and open society. Ethics helps criminal justice actors to actualize how all parts of the criminal justice system fit together in ordering of society (Pollock, 1993). Ethics in this regard is also of the essence(predicate) for individuals who make up parts of the social order and the social system. The individuals ethics education begins at home and is branched out into the alliance in which we come into contact with others. Thus what we learn at home is inevitably taken into the larger community. Thus when both family and community values are ethical, crime and justice is not only understood but minimized via a collective sense of right and wrong and fairness and justice (Braswell, et. al, 2012). In this regard, ethics is directly connected to criminal behaviour and appropriate responses to criminal behavior. 2. Explain and Discuss Kants monotone imperative. How appropriate are his views in todays criminal justice field? Kant was of the opinion that consequential theories in evaluating and explaining ethics did not pay enough attention to the issue of duty. Kant also took the position that these theories did not pay enough attention to the question of basic morality or good will or the intention to do good (Braswell, et. al., 2012, p. 16). Thus Kant developed what is referred to as the categorical imperative which is contrasted with the hypoth etical imperative (Braswell, et. al., 2012, p. 17). Hypothetical imperatives make allowances for a command that begin with if (Braswell, 2012, p. 17). For instance, a hypothetical imperative might function in the sense that an individual may decide that if he wanted to obtain a satisfactory academic outcome, the individual should be more academically prepared. Categorical imperatives are not hypothetical and therefore not prefaced by ifs (Braswell, 2012, p. 17). Kant formulated a number of aspects of categorical imperative. Two of those formulations are the universalizability

Wednesday, June 12, 2019

Violence in hockey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violence in hockey - Research Paper ExampleOn January 17, 2010, Sunday, the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League pronounced a hideous, aggressive, brutal, and deliberate elbow violently given to head of Mikael Tam of Quebec Ram positions who was smacked down to ice trembling and did not even breathe for 30 seconds. (Mahari, 2010)On January 2, 2009, W bourgeonby Dunlops, a senior AAA hockey shammer, who was a defenseman, died after going through a severe coma for three weeks in Ontario, Canada. He hit his head on the ice when falling on it in an awkward manner whilst he was engaged in a fight and lost his helmet in a game in December 2008. Hockey is one of the best games but these brutal acts are mitigating its fun. Head shots are basically attacks from one player to another and are just claimed to be part of the game. This discussion has always been part of the sports world and is still prevalent. Players helmets should be fastened and should be part of preventive precaution. (Mahari, 2010)Violence has been part of hockeys culture for decades now. Fightings have been part of the game and so is approval of good penalty officers disrespect, frightening behavior of players towards to each one other and anti-social role model behavior have been accepted as well. Why are these well accepted? Why have we made it part of our game and life when these are atrocious acts? (Pascall & White, 2000)As the games attractiveness changed over time an augmented exposure for redundant hostility, fighting and madness grew within the game. As an outcome, the cost of violence has been very severe in this sport. There have been incidents of concussion, head injury and spinal disturbance. Athletes are frequently expose to preventable and less severe injuries. (Pascall & White, 2000)Head shot injuries should either be banned or completely eradicated from the game as a remedy for violence. The British Columbian government is trying to tackle this issue via SPORTSafe Program. This was

Tuesday, June 11, 2019

Information And Research Methods In Business Paper

Information And Methods In Business - Research Paper ExampleImmediately prior to the generalization, however, we round off the recent literature immediately available on the topic to reexamine our perspective and build our generalizations on a more stable foundation.There ar three underlying ways of identifying, summarizing and analyzing product quality problems. One basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problem from the point of view of the consumer. The siemens basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the viewpoint of distributors. The warrant will only be applicable for businesses that tap distribution companies for a product. The tertiary basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the point of view of our retailers. Like the second, this will not always apply to all types of businesses. Finally, the fourth basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality prob lems from the perspective of quality control and of a quality control system.In identifying product quality problems as comprehend by our consumers, we can implement two kinds of research. One research can identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problem as perceived by the consumers of our product. The second research can focus on the target consumers of our product and identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems as perceived by the target consumers of our product.In doing a research on quality problem among our consumers, we may want to follow the statistical protocol with regard to computation of the percentage of our consumer who desires certain changes or improvements in our product. A good material for this is Walpole et al. (2007, p. 299-302). For estimation related to means, Walpole et al. (2007) are also useful but one may wish to supplement the discussion on the material with insights from Dekking.

Monday, June 10, 2019

CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development Assignment

CIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational ripening Needs - Assignment ExampleCIPD Level 5 Assessment - 5MDN Meeting Organisational Development NeedsTwo learning discussions will be chosen for this study, beneficial for accomplishing set goals or objectives. Justification of methods would be provided along with reasons for eradicating other alternatives. Learning intervention design shall also be incorporated in the study that could effectively meet learning and development needs. Learning and development needs are an of import component which helps in improving overall organizational performance.Tesco Plc is a multinational general merchandize and grocery retailer having its headquarters in United Kingdom. On the stand of revenue margins, the firm is the second largest retailer across the globe. Tesco has about 6784 retail stores and has an employee base of approximately 500,000. There are some business subsidiaries of Tesco Plc such as Tesco Stores, Tesco Bank, Tesco Mobile, Dobbies Garden Centers, Tesco Ireland, Dunnhumby and Giraffe restaurants. The company has diversified into wide array of geographical regions. Learning and development strategy is adopted by the company and is inclined towards enhancing familiarity base and skills of employees. Training sessions are organized for employees in specific time interval. Employee retention policies are establish on career development approach, performance based pay and encouraging team members to contribute their innovative ideas. Performance management policy forms an essential part of organizational functions.

Sunday, June 9, 2019

Impact of Cultural Dimensions on Worldviews Essay

Impact of Cultural Dimensions on Worldviews - Essay ExampleFor example, its common for men to be regarded as stronger than women. This is based on the number figures but not necessarily true when it comes to individual basis. From these characteristics of the different patterns, there ar gender roles and people doing them may feel the assigning is based on a particular associated trait or observation. Similarly, different family structures are patterns in the social world. From these patterns, ideas emerge in relation to the upbringing of the people of these patterns and how it is probable to ask them or position them. The different family structures present an element of comparison into what differentiates people from those family structures. For instance, different family structures emphasize responsibility with carrying strictness. The issue of children out of wedlock emerges on a large scale if for a particular group, responsibility is not emphasized.The manner of solving goal s or achieving for people with different ideas and experiences is a sensitive issue. Schwalbe (2005) asserts that persons with different ideas and experiences are likely to make incomplete and selective judgment about others in a different pattern. This is where we see racism at its peak and police atrocity towards certain groups that have been stereotyped. Reaching a point of compromise is hard as members of a pattern firmly cling to what they practice as the justifiedly course. This seems to be a typical scenario affecting the social world. These people need sociological mindfulness to handle the problems between them as well as carry through goals (Schwalbe,

Saturday, June 8, 2019

Phenomenology and the sociology of knowledge Essay Example for Free

Phenomenology and the sociology of noesis EssayPhenomenology can both be mum to be a discipline and a movement in the history of philosophy. As a discipline, Phenomology can be outlined to be the study of structures of scram and consciousness. Ontology, epistemology, logic and ethics ar some other disciplines which are related to Phenomology though they are distinct (Schulz, Wagner, 1997). In a different perspective, Phenomology can be defined as a historical movement which was launched by great thinkers such as Edmund Husserl among others in the 20th century. Phenomenology and social scienceCommon theories present in social science are based in the real world. This leads to my conviction that phenomenological research can be used in the future studies of some methods which are in use in social science. Phenomenology can further be used in social science to facilitate the understanding of some phenomenons which are often taken for granted. For instance, man is assumed to be social being and language and communication systems do exist. Methods in social science violate to address why there is mutual understanding and communication and why men are motivated by certain experiences.Moreover, the social science methods breach to describe the underlying assumption and their implications in the interpretation of social interrelationship (Collins, 1998). All these can only be addressed through philosophical synopsis which Husserl referred to as phenomenological philosophy. Phenomenology can also be used to bring meaning and insights to the study of grief, anxiety and pain which are some social issues which affect the genuinely existence of man. Through phenomenology, social scientists can account and analytically describe the acts of intentional consciousness.Finally, phenomenology creates a bridge for the phenomenological sociology which provides an understand ding of the formal structures common in everyday day life. Sociology of knowledge Sociology of knowledge refers to the study of the social sources of knowledge and its impact on the society. In the study, knowledge is assumed to be a ethnical product which can only be understood in the social context of its origin. The study is important to Collins in that it provides an explanation to most of the philosophical ideas which exist.In his book, he asserts that great and philosophical ideas are only produced through interaction between humans whose construction relies on the social structure of the keen world. Through the sociology of knowledge, Collins is able to explain that the rationalization process of Western, Indian and Asian philosophies has only been achieved through conceptual framework and social knowledge. He uses the sociology of knowledge to explain that social processes have an explanation as to why what is said to whom which he calls the sociology of thinking (Geoffrey, 2003).He also asserts that through the sociology of knowledge one is in a capacity to send fo r the conversation between two individuals if only their characteristics and the emotional synergies are known. He further uses the sociology of knowledge to explain how it is possible to predict the thinking process of an individual. Though thinking is an internalized conversation, Collins asserts that what we think is often a reflection of what we write on paper or we talk with other people. Collins believes that emotional energy and what we anticipate for the future determines our thinking process (Collins, 1998).Finally, the sociology of knowledge has enable Collins to describe the philosophical transformations which have been achieved in modernistic Europe, Japan and china. References Collins, R. (1998). The Sociology of Philosophies A Global Theory Of Intellectual Change Harvard University press, USA ISBN 0-674-00187-7 Geoffrey, L. (2003). Modern Philosophy. London Routledge Schulz, A. Wagner, H. (1997). On Phenomenology and Social Relations Selected Writings. University of Chicago press. London ISBN 0-226-74153-2

Friday, June 7, 2019

Religion, Wealth and Poverty Essay Example for Free

Religion, Wealth and Poverty EssayOutline the sour of unity religious operation working for piece organic evolution and explain wherefore it does this work.The religious agency, Christian wait on was set up in 1944, origin completelyy known as the British Churches Ecumenical Refugee Council. It was primarily created to help the thousands of homeless Europeans as a result of the Second World War. It became known as Christian service in 1945 and was filed as only a segregated department of each(prenominal) of the non-Roman Catholic churches the British Council of Churches and provided great help to the poorer people surviving in lesser economic all in ally developed areas. Christian Aid is now a ecumenical organisation and has become an agency for the churches of the United Kingdom and in Ireland, working wherever their need is superlative, irrespective of the religion of this area. As well as doing this work, Christian Aid supports local anaesthetic organisations who ar e better at understanding the needs in their specified areas, whilst continually support those in need with the sixteen offices they admit overseas. Christian Aid believes in helping people gain strength in finding their own solution to a particular problem sooner than simply helping and leaving, Christian Aid provides withstanding support. In addition to this work, Christian Aid strives to transform a New World by ending pauperization and continuously campaigns for the change of the morals and rules that allow the poor to get poorer.Christian Aid works and provides help in over sixty countries in the world today, supplying emergency attention and long full term assist to organisations, which are working to create the end of poverty. Christian Aid prefers to work through local organisations in areas of lesser-developed economies, as they believe that these organisations understand the needs of their people best. A great plus of the agency of Christian Aid is that it works in a ll areas despite the religion or race of the place they are working in.In order to achieve the high aims set by Christian Aid, their work can be divided into four sections and they are as follows.Fund raising is a major issue and to be able to start any(prenominal) work in relieving the issue of poverty, Christian Aid has to tackle the problem of gillyflowers, which can be increase in several ways. In 1975, it was organised so that every year in May, Christian Aid week could be held as a nationwide even. This is where churches provide information about Christian Aid to almost every home in certain areas by posting letters through their letterboxes and asking for donations. In 1995, a record 8.6 million was raised for Christian Aid via this attend. In addition to this, certain parishes and individuals organise events to raise money for the agency and in the past have contributed more by this process than in Christian Aid week.Emergency aid is also taken into consideration as Chri stian Aid set up a fund known as the disaster fund so it could be immediately used if a natural disaster were to occur and has often overtaken long term aid due to its efficiency in helping people survive the effects of a natural disaster. The work done by Christian Aid involves providing and sending food, medicine and materials to build shelters for the victims of such natural disasters as hurricanes, floods and earthquakes. An example of this aid was when blankets, tents and food were sent to refugees in Bosnia and Rwanda and when food was provided for drought-stricken Zimbabwe. This specified version of aid is so fundamental that nearly 15% of Christian assist funds are spent on it per annum.Long term aid is equally important and fortunately, Christian Aid is greatly advantaged in this area as it has contact with the organisations who receive the aid and the majority of Christian Aids emergency and long-term aid is diverted through Christian associations within the state of ma tter concerned. If is often for these establishments to come up with fund-raising ideas to help relieve certain aspects of poverty in their area and thus ask Christian Aid to finance these propositions.An example of this is when in Columbia, poor farmers were being threatened to be evicted from their homes. Fortunately, the farmers were able to establish an alternative environmentally companionable method which allowed them to develop their area that would provide an income for these farmers and their families. Christian Aid and the European Union are negotiating the finance of this scheme. An separate example of Christian Aid helping lesser developed countries is in Bangladesh, where Christian Aid are funding a group of Christian workers to make basic drugs for medicine which are out of stock(predicate) in Bangladesh. Consequently, as Christian Aid helps in all of these diverse and different areas, their main aim is to help people to help themselves.Education is a key factor to the success of Christian Aid. Nearly 5% of Christian Aids funds is consumed on education about the greater need of discipline and the way in which Christians are enabled to provide this help to those in need. The association of Christian Aid produces a newspaper, Christian Aid News, along with many other educational articles which non only provide information on the projects that Christian Aid is working on but how they are improving the rate of increment in lesser economically developed areas. Christian Aid advocates campaigns for the improvement of living and health conditions in lesser-developed areas.Christian Aids motivation is built upon the Christian belief that all people are equal in the eyes of God and so therefore all deserve the same things. This organisation is dictated by the beliefs that God cares about the poor and their lifestyle, wanting them to be treated accordingly. It is also believed that the worth and importance of a person is not measured on how much mon ey they have or the material belongings that they may possess. It is written in the Bible that what counts is a persons desire to do good, their faith in God and actions towards other people.Due to these Christian beliefs, Christian Aid does everything within its power to help those who are less fortunate in both this country and abroad. The quotation, There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all once in Christ taken from Galatians 325 is the basis of the Christian Aids work. It is believed that everyone has rights and so deserves to be treated the same, despite their circumstances, creed, nationality, religion or colour.In conclusion to the work of Christian Aid and its motivation, it is clear that their main aim is not only to assist the poor, but help them learn to help themselves and by doing this, Christian Aid are increasing the development of the developing world. The motivation of this agency is obvious due to the fact that they are Christ ian and it is Gods belief that you should use everything within your power to help those in need of your help. Christian Aid believes that From one man he made every nation of men, that they should inhabit the whole Earth, Acts 17 26, so that everyone is equal in the eyes of God as they were all created from the same mould, therefore everyone should be treated respectfully. Thanks to these beliefs, Christian Aids work is helping to eradicate the growth of poverty and sustain a development in the lesser-developed areas.

Thursday, June 6, 2019

Beowulf as a hero in modern society Essay Example for Free

Beowulf as a hero in modern society EssayIn the historic epic Beowulf, its title character, Beowulf, is perceive as an unconventional as well as a traditional hero in current society. Beowulf, the son of Ecgtheow and Hygelacs thane, is presented as a fearless warrior to the audience. This quotation of Beowulf causes the readers to instantly recognize that Beowulf is a well-respected man. Beowulfs magnitude is seen at the very beginning of the metrical composition as the narrator states, The man whose name was known for resolution, the Geat Leader (Heaney 25). Beowulf is announced to the Danish people with magnificence. Before proving Beowulfs do-or-die(a) qualities, the viewers atomic number 18 conscious of the fact that Beowulf is a great warrior and the son of a well admired man. It evoke be distinguished that from Beowulfs opening statements he will become a hero.Bravery is a key characteristic that identifies a hero. Throughout the entire poem Beowulf appeared to poss ess infinite valor. He displayed courage in his swimming competition with Breca, and in his fights with Grendel, Grendels fix, and the dragon that fat ally wounded him. In all of Beowulfs struggles, he revels wisdom, strength, and motivation. In his clash against Grendel, Beowulf utilizes his sheer strength to kill Grendel. He used his mighty strength to rip off the monsters arm from the shoulder. As stated by the narrator, The monsters self-coloured body was in pain a tremendous wound appeared on his shoulder Beowulf was granted the glory of winning (Heaney 55). The defeat of Grendel fulfills Beowulfs heroic duty. This is also seen with Grendels mother. later on Grendels death, Grendels mother desires to avenge her child. Beowulf fights her in water and still prevails. By keeping true to his word Beowulf is able to prove his worth. Near the end of poem, Beowulf faces his last episode. He takes on a dragon that is creating havoc upon the city. Before facing the dragon he knows tha t he might die and yet still fights with glory and all of his might. On page 171 Beowulf states, This fight is not yours, nor is it up to any man except me I shall win the gold by my courage, or else mortal combat, condemn of battle, will bear your lord away (Heaney 171). Beowulf yet again completes his task as he kills the dragon, however, he immediately dies from his wounds. Beowulf, a true hero, confronts his death with bravery. It is Beowulfs strength, determination, and courage that enable him to become a distinguishable hero in modern society.Although Beowulf is portrayed as a true Anglo-Saxon hero, he has qualities that would depict him not as one in current society. From Beowulfs initial introduction he is seen as being conceited and aggressive. During the first feast, Beowulf tells of the story of his swimming race. Beowulf states, I was the strongest natator of allTime and again, foul things attacked mebut I lashed out, gave as good as I got with my swordMy sword had kill ed nine sea-monsters. Such night-dangers and hard ordeals I have never heard of nor of a man more desolate in surging waves. (Heaney 37). This quote reveals the cockiness of Beowulf. He is very arrogant as he believes that he is the best and the bravest. confidence is not a characteristic of a hero. Another flaw is shown in Beowulfs character as he fights Grendel and Grendels mother. Beowulfs quarrel with Grendel exposes his true expression of violence. While Grendel and Beowulf are wrestling, Beowulf manages to get Grendel in such as position where he ripped off Grendels arm from the socket. This violent act can be seen as very brutal. The cleansing of Grendel in such a way would deny the right to name Beowulf as a hero in present society. In addition, the killing of Grendels mother has the same effect.While battling Grendels mother, Beowulf seeks assistance from an ancient blade. With this sword, he delivers a final blow to the neck of the monster. After determining that she is d eath, he still proceeds and decapitates her. He then returns with the head and displays it in Heorot. The decapitation of Grendels mother illustrates Beowulf as disrespectful and in violation of the heroic code, which doesnt identify him as a hero. In the eye of contemporary society Beowulf can be recognize as a paradoxical character as he is embodied by both heroic and callous qualities.

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

The Concept of New Media

The Concept of wise MediaTHE CONCEPT OF NEW MEDIANew Media as a term cannot be described by a virtuoso, uniform definition. This is because the concept of New Media evolves along with the suppuration of technology and as the modes of communication progress and become in umpteen counsels, more instant. The concept of New Media takes definite form when the comparison between the old and the new mediums of communication takes place. In the present age, the mediums of television, recorders, radio and paper books live taken a back stage and the electronic mediums of communication have emerged triumphant. Today, the some popular and most instantaneous means of communication is the Internet which is the spunk element distinguishing new media from another(prenominal) forms. The popular definition of New Media is recognized with the use of a computer for the means of distribution and exhibition, by way of the internet, instead than with production. Thus, texts distributed via a co mputer argon considered as New Media whereas those printed on paper, without the use of the computer and the internet ar not. This Lev Monovich has labeled as the culture of computerization.1 According to Monovich, the computer encompasses all mediums/ methods of communication and affects all types of media, text, s bank images, moving images, sound and special constructions.2 However, Monovich himself states that limiting the advent of New Media to the gubbins of a computer is too limiting.Monovich lays good deal the following principles that determine new Media3 Numerical RepresentationMonovich states that all types and forms of New Media can be described mathematically, that is in terms of the binary code and so argon quantitative bureaus. Therefore, by applying appropriate algorithms, New Media can be manipulated. A cinematograph film for example is a sequence of images/frames, each of which has its own numerical representation.4 ModularityThis is also known as the fractal structure of New Media. Media elements consist of pixels, bites, characters, scripts, voxels etc, each of which combine to create the larger image, that is, what we see. However, each wiz retains its in aiment identity separate from the whole. Going back to the example of the cinematograph film, each frame would be independently created and would thereafter be combined together to create the whole cinematograph live. However, a single frame can thereafter be removed, altered or deleted without having an effect on the whole exploit.AutomationThe above cardinal principles, that is Numerical representation and Modularity allow the work to be automated in many operations. For example, in cinematograph films software is computer programmed to automatically produce artificial life such as crowds of pack as required in the film. Another more common example is when a computer automatically generates web pages when the drug substance abuser reaches the site.VariabilityAn object of Ne w Media is parallel to the conceit of liquid. New media is not fixed in one definite format but can exist in a ten thousand of versions. New Media frequently changes as it is stored digitally with a numerical code. Thus, variability is a consequence of principle 1 numerical representation and principle 2 modularity.In order to get clarity, one can compare old media with new media. Old Media is created by a human creator who manually assembles the test, the images, and the exposure and audio elements in one particular format which then becomes fixed for perpetuity. Copies of the work can be made, but only identical copies can be made. In contrast, New Media, which constitutes numerous codes, changes each time it is generated. This is because, after it is created by the human creator, New Media then begins to be generated automatically which is what offsprings in contrary versions. As New Media is stored digitally, in contrast to a fixed medium, each element retains its separate identity which can then be assembled into numerous sequences downstairs the programs control.Variability of New Media is created due to the following factors 5Media elements are stored on a media databaseEach time Media is created, different elements are apply along with different numerical codingNew Media can be displayed using a event of different interfacesThe information about the user can be used by a computer program to automatically generate and customize the media compositionNew Media is through branching/menu based inter practise thus allowing the user to choose. This is when a user enters a programme the user is given a tot of options to choose from. The branch next advanced to in the program would depend upon the choice made by the user which for each user would not necessarily be the same.New Media contains objects that are periodically updated.TranscodingThe fifth principle is the most significant, the cultural transcoding of media. This means that all data is turn ed into computerized data. While on the one hand computerized media still displays structural organization which is comprehensive to the users such as images, texts etc. on the other hand media follows the conventional structure of a computers organization of data. Therefore, New Media can be seen as two distinct layers, the culture layer and the computer layer. The layer that can be viewed as a representation is the culture layer and the operating functions are the computer layer.Lev Manovich, in his introduction toThe New Media Reader, defined New Media by using eight propositionsToday, the increasingly rapid change in technological development is leading to rapidly changing forms of new media thus leading to new and unexpected methods of distributing and exhibiting copyrighted work. Methods of distribution or exhibition are constantly evolving and are modernizing hence giving old content new form and value. For example, the exhibition of performing arts has evolved from theater t o pictures, television, videocassettes, LDs, DVDS, streamed videos and then to cell phone formats and tablet formats. A similar scenario has been witnessed in the music industry where the method of storing the data recorded has changed.right of first publication Law, including the Copyright carry, 1957 grants seeds an exclusive right over their creations.6 Copyright in a work lasts for long durations. Section 22 of the Act states that Copyright shall subsist in any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work published in spite of appearance the lifetime of the author until sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies. During this time, the value of the work and the spate surrounding its distribution would be liable to change considerably. To get a full understanding of the concept imagine that a composition publisher wants to allow a compilation of articles on a CD-ROM and simultaneously wants to create an online database . There would be a possibility that a number of the authors would not be alive to give their consent to such distribution of their work. Finding the right holders to all articles to get them to agree to re-release the workings would be prohibitively difficult. Copyright polices crosswise the globe have not enunciated on the copyright protection of ever-changing New Media. Thus, New Media allow prove to be a highly litigious issue due to the gaping loophole in the law. As India has not expressly dealt with the issue of New Media as a challenge to copyright law this chapter will look at legislative reasoning in other countries before drawing a conclusion as to what Indias legislative development shall be in this respect.The legal landscape with respect to new use rights is bifurcated into two. While USA and the UK recognize new use rights and generally allow the giving transfer of rights to unknown uses of copyrighted works, copyright grants are restricted in Germany, Spain, Belg ium.CHAPTER___ COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF TWEETS AND FACEBOOK POSTSTwitter along with Facebook epitomizes the term social networking sites which allows a user to create a profile and regularly interact with other users. While Facebook allows posts and images to be uploaded on a users profile, Twitter is a palpable time application that allows public contact amongst the users. Thus, in the Internet age, Twitter and Facebook are the most commonly used social networking sites. Copyright issues with respect to one site will apply equally to the other site. Therefore, for discussion sake, the example of Twitter is chosen.Tweets, the posts by users on the site, are relatively simple as a mechanism. They are short in length as they cannot exceed 140 characters and on a general basis answer only one motion.7 Users on Twitter share stories, facts, information, breaking news, updates on world events, entertainment, sports etc. Twitter users can follow other users or vice versa and updated for ces would appear as and when they are posted.8 Twitter, via its terms of service, declares that the user retains his/her rights to any content posted9, therefore Twitter states that the user is entitled to the Intellectual Property Rights that get vested with the user as a result of any post. Alternatively, by signing up as a user on the Twitter website and making the content available to the public by measure tweets, the user grants a license to Twitter. The license accommodates Twitters right to make the content available to other organizations, companies etc.10Whether tweets on Twitter are copyrightable has, till date, not been a contentious issue in India. However, in the United States the copyrightability of tweets has been under debate. Therefore, to be able to culminate in a satisfactory answer, we scratch need to see whether a Tweet/post satisfies the requirements of the Federal Copyright Act. I will simultaneously transpose a similar argument in the Indian context. As pe r Section 102(a) of the Act, original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium of expression, whether now known or later developed, are protected. Therefore, the pre-requisites for copyright protection under the Federal Act and the Indian Copyright Act, 1957 are OriginalityThe term original has not been defined each under the Federal Act or under the Act of 1957. However, Section 13(1)(a) of the 1957 Act states that copyright shall subsist in original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works which is indicative that copyright shall only extend to works that are the fruits of a persons labour and skill. In the United States, it was observed in Alfred cost Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts11 that the term Original in reference to a copyrighted work means that the particular work owes its origin to the author. Further, in the bourn judgment of Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co.12 it was observed that originality work that is directly attributable to t he skill and labour of the author and that the work in question is independently created and is not a mere copy.13 In order to be protected under the Copyright Act, 1957, a work moldiness satisfy the criteria of work as defined in Section 2(y) of the Act. In University of London Press v. University Tutorial Press14 J. Peterson held that the word original does not imply that the work must be the expression of original or inventive thought. Originality as interpreted with respect to copyright protection relates to the expression of thought.15 For a work to be considered original under the Copyright Act, it is sufficient if the contribution is minimal or poor.Work of AuthorshipThe second pre-requisite for copyright protection to apply to any work is that the work must be a work of authorship. (continue)Fixation in a tangible mediumThe third element that is required for copyright protection is that a work is deemed created when it is first fixed, that is given a tangible form. This is p arallel to the concept that an idea is not copyrightable but the expression of that idea is entitled to copyright protection.16 Thus, if the idea is not made into a tangible medium, i.e. expressed, it cannot be protected by way of copyright. For example, in the field of literary work, the idea of the novel would not be copyrightable, but when the idea is expressed on paper in the particular manner of the author fixation of the work would take place. For copyright protection, the medium, form and method of fixation of the work is not substantially consequential.Tweets create a challenge to the Copyright law and its application. However, the fact that Twitters Terms of Service include a Copyright Policy is indicative of the fact that the content on Twitter, including tweets, is copyrightable.17 However, for a particular tweet to be entitled to copyright protection a tweet needs to satisfy the 3 basic requirements given above, a tweet must be an original work, it must be the work of th e author and it must be in a fixed, tangible form.Whether a Tweet is entitled to Copyright Protection?To establish whether a tweet is entitled to Copyright Protection the following points are established A tweet is an original work as the work is independently created. The users of Twitter post a tweet that is the result of their skill and labour. The Tweet meets the originality threshold stated in Alfred Bell Co.18however there is no specific reference to determine whether all Tweets are original. However, is it unassailable to say that some Tweets are original. As a corollary, it is seen that a tweet is a creative work. In Fiest it was held that the work must contain a modicum of creativity, No matter how crude, humble or obvious it might be.19However, Phrases and words that have common, widespread usage cannot be copyrighted.A tweet is a literary work as stated under the Acts. As the term literary in the Federal Act connotes neither literary merit nor qualitative value, the ter m literary can have an expansive interpretation. Applying this standard, all tweets qualify as literary work. Further, to constitute a work of authorship, the work should be based on smart labour for which the content of the tweet must be examined. Generic, common phrases and questions cannot be works of authorship as they require no intellect in their expression. However, a poem, an expression, a joke is tweeted would be works of authorship because the work would be the result of intellectual labour as well as a literary work.A tweet is fixed in a tangible medium i.e., Twitter. Tweets cannot be viewed without the aid of a computer or any other device that can be connected to the internet.20Nevertheless, Twitter users face many challenges in meeting the three pre-requisites for copyright protection. This is due to the following reasons21 Size Tweets are very short in length, with a limit of 140 characters. Therefore, the word limit makes it impossible for the work to reach the le vel of creativity which is required for copyright protection. fill It is well established that facts are not copyrightable. Tweets are mainly regarding notifications, events, gossip, and comments on political situations etc. Copyright law does not extend protection to facts and so tweets, despite their varying expressions, cannot be copyrighted.Scenes a faire Tweets describe events, affairs, circumstances, scenes which cannot be expressed in more than a limited number of ways. For example, a tweet regarding the sunset(a) will describe the sun as brilliant, or sunny, or bright. When an idea can be expressed in only a limited number of ways, such expression cannot be copyrighted as providing copyright protection to such an expression would be providing copyright protection to the idea itself.22Copyright in Quotes and Short PhrasesProtection by way of Intellectual property rights over the most minimal of creative work has been regularly debated. Copyright protection of shop names, slogans, advertising mantras etc. have become a contentious issue. Courts are forever embroiled in the task of breaking down the exact marrow of the definitions provided in the statute. To get a better understanding of the boundaries of protection by the Act of 1957 some of the definitions provided are required to be repeated.Section 13 of the 1957 Act lays down that copyright protection is accorded on literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recordings. Rights as provided in the statute can be exercised only by the owner of the copyright.23 Quotes and short phrases are of two types. One type is cutting a small part from a longer sentence, example a book whereas the other type is when the quote stands on its own in entirety. Tweets would be form of the second type of quote/short phrases.Copyright protection to short phrases and quotes has been refused in a number of cases by the Indian courts. To claim a copyright intrusion, the de minimis sta ndard must be satisfied. Courts have refused to grant protection to slogans in advertisements, newspaper headlines for there is no copyright in a mere collection of words that is not a compilation. In this matter the law of trademark infringement and passing off has proved to be more useful. The underlying reason is that although such short phrases may be considered works but they are unable(p) to satisfy the requirement of originality.Leading case laws by the English and Indian courts have expounded upon this matter.1 Lex Monovich, Language of New Media MIT Press, 2001. Pg.432 Id.3 Id. Pg. 494 Id. Pg. 505 Id. Pg. 576 Section 14 of the Copyright Act, 1957 . . copyright means the exclusive right subject to the provisions of this Act. .7 Rebecca Haas, Twitter New Challenges to Copyright Law in the Internet Age, 10 J. marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L.231 (2010) , pg. 2368 Id9 You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. By submitting, pos ting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods (now known or later developed) https//twitter.com/tos (Twitter Terms of Service) Last Accessed 8/04/201410 Supra n. 3, pg. 237 (Rebecca Haas)11 191 F.2d 99, 103 (2nd Cir. 1951)12 499 U.S 340, 351-52 (1991)13 Rebecca Haas, pg. 23814 1916 2 Ch 601. The case involved the copying of mathematic questions, which were held to be original forthe purposes of copyright law15 Tissya Mandal. Copyright in quotes available at http//ssrn.com.abstract=181898516 Id.17 Supra n. 5 Twitter Copyright Policy statesTwitter respects the intellectual property rights of others and expects users of the Services to do the same. We will respond to notices of alleged copyright infringement that comply with applicable law and are properly provided to us. If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please provide us with the following information (i) a physical or electronic signature of the copyright owner or a person authorised to act on their behalf (ii) identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed (iii) identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit us to locate the material (iv) your contact information, including your address, telephone number, and an email address (v) a statement by you that you have a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law and (vi) a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and, under penalty of perjury, t hat you are authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner. Last Accessed 8/04/201418 Supra n. (Alfred Bell)19 Supra n. __ at 34520 Rebecca Haas, Pg. 24521 Consuelo Reinberg. Are Tweets Copyright- Protected? WIPO Magazine, July 200922 The concept of idea-expression being expressed in a limited number of ways is called the Doctrine of Merger, which will be discussed subsequently.23 Section 14 of the Act lays down the rights that are exclusively granted to the owner of the copyright. Section 57 of the Act further defines two forms of moral rights that are conferred on the author, right of paternity and integrity. The right of paternity is a right provided to the author which is the right to hold back others from claiming authorship of his work. Right of integrity enables the author to prevent mutilation or distortion of his work or any other act which would be prejudicial to his disposition and honor.