Religion, Wealth and Poverty Essay Example for Free

Religion, Wealth and Poverty EssayOutline the sour of unity religious operation working for piece organic evolution and explain wherefore it does this work.The religious agency, Christian wait on was set up in 1944, origin completelyy known as the British Churches Ecumenical Refugee Council. It was primarily created to help the thousands of homeless Europeans as a result of the Second World War. It became known as Christian service in 1945 and was filed as only a segregated department of each(prenominal) of the non-Roman Catholic churches the British Council of Churches and provided great help to the poorer people surviving in lesser economic all in ally developed areas. Christian Aid is now a ecumenical organisation and has become an agency for the churches of the United Kingdom and in Ireland, working wherever their need is superlative, irrespective of the religion of this area. As well as doing this work, Christian Aid supports local anaesthetic organisations who ar e better at understanding the needs in their specified areas, whilst continually support those in need with the sixteen offices they admit overseas. Christian Aid believes in helping people gain strength in finding their own solution to a particular problem sooner than simply helping and leaving, Christian Aid provides withstanding support. In addition to this work, Christian Aid strives to transform a New World by ending pauperization and continuously campaigns for the change of the morals and rules that allow the poor to get poorer.Christian Aid works and provides help in over sixty countries in the world today, supplying emergency attention and long full term assist to organisations, which are working to create the end of poverty. Christian Aid prefers to work through local organisations in areas of lesser-developed economies, as they believe that these organisations understand the needs of their people best. A great plus of the agency of Christian Aid is that it works in a ll areas despite the religion or race of the place they are working in.In order to achieve the high aims set by Christian Aid, their work can be divided into four sections and they are as follows.Fund raising is a major issue and to be able to start any(prenominal) work in relieving the issue of poverty, Christian Aid has to tackle the problem of gillyflowers, which can be increase in several ways. In 1975, it was organised so that every year in May, Christian Aid week could be held as a nationwide even. This is where churches provide information about Christian Aid to almost every home in certain areas by posting letters through their letterboxes and asking for donations. In 1995, a record 8.6 million was raised for Christian Aid via this attend. In addition to this, certain parishes and individuals organise events to raise money for the agency and in the past have contributed more by this process than in Christian Aid week.Emergency aid is also taken into consideration as Chri stian Aid set up a fund known as the disaster fund so it could be immediately used if a natural disaster were to occur and has often overtaken long term aid due to its efficiency in helping people survive the effects of a natural disaster. The work done by Christian Aid involves providing and sending food, medicine and materials to build shelters for the victims of such natural disasters as hurricanes, floods and earthquakes. An example of this aid was when blankets, tents and food were sent to refugees in Bosnia and Rwanda and when food was provided for drought-stricken Zimbabwe. This specified version of aid is so fundamental that nearly 15% of Christian assist funds are spent on it per annum.Long term aid is equally important and fortunately, Christian Aid is greatly advantaged in this area as it has contact with the organisations who receive the aid and the majority of Christian Aids emergency and long-term aid is diverted through Christian associations within the state of ma tter concerned. If is often for these establishments to come up with fund-raising ideas to help relieve certain aspects of poverty in their area and thus ask Christian Aid to finance these propositions.An example of this is when in Columbia, poor farmers were being threatened to be evicted from their homes. Fortunately, the farmers were able to establish an alternative environmentally companionable method which allowed them to develop their area that would provide an income for these farmers and their families. Christian Aid and the European Union are negotiating the finance of this scheme. An separate example of Christian Aid helping lesser developed countries is in Bangladesh, where Christian Aid are funding a group of Christian workers to make basic drugs for medicine which are out of stock(predicate) in Bangladesh. Consequently, as Christian Aid helps in all of these diverse and different areas, their main aim is to help people to help themselves.Education is a key factor to the success of Christian Aid. Nearly 5% of Christian Aids funds is consumed on education about the greater need of discipline and the way in which Christians are enabled to provide this help to those in need. The association of Christian Aid produces a newspaper, Christian Aid News, along with many other educational articles which non only provide information on the projects that Christian Aid is working on but how they are improving the rate of increment in lesser economically developed areas. Christian Aid advocates campaigns for the improvement of living and health conditions in lesser-developed areas.Christian Aids motivation is built upon the Christian belief that all people are equal in the eyes of God and so therefore all deserve the same things. This organisation is dictated by the beliefs that God cares about the poor and their lifestyle, wanting them to be treated accordingly. It is also believed that the worth and importance of a person is not measured on how much mon ey they have or the material belongings that they may possess. It is written in the Bible that what counts is a persons desire to do good, their faith in God and actions towards other people.Due to these Christian beliefs, Christian Aid does everything within its power to help those who are less fortunate in both this country and abroad. The quotation, There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all once in Christ taken from Galatians 325 is the basis of the Christian Aids work. It is believed that everyone has rights and so deserves to be treated the same, despite their circumstances, creed, nationality, religion or colour.In conclusion to the work of Christian Aid and its motivation, it is clear that their main aim is not only to assist the poor, but help them learn to help themselves and by doing this, Christian Aid are increasing the development of the developing world. The motivation of this agency is obvious due to the fact that they are Christ ian and it is Gods belief that you should use everything within your power to help those in need of your help. Christian Aid believes that From one man he made every nation of men, that they should inhabit the whole Earth, Acts 17 26, so that everyone is equal in the eyes of God as they were all created from the same mould, therefore everyone should be treated respectfully. Thanks to these beliefs, Christian Aids work is helping to eradicate the growth of poverty and sustain a development in the lesser-developed areas.

Beowulf as a hero in modern society Essay Example for Free

Beowulf as a hero in modern society EssayIn the historic epic Beowulf, its title character, Beowulf, is perceive as an unconventional as well as a traditional hero in current society. Beowulf, the son of Ecgtheow and Hygelacs thane, is presented as a fearless warrior to the audience. This quotation of Beowulf causes the readers to instantly recognize that Beowulf is a well-respected man. Beowulfs magnitude is seen at the very beginning of the metrical composition as the narrator states, The man whose name was known for resolution, the Geat Leader (Heaney 25). Beowulf is announced to the Danish people with magnificence. Before proving Beowulfs do-or-die(a) qualities, the viewers atomic number 18 conscious of the fact that Beowulf is a great warrior and the son of a well admired man. It evoke be distinguished that from Beowulfs opening statements he will become a hero.Bravery is a key characteristic that identifies a hero. Throughout the entire poem Beowulf appeared to poss ess infinite valor. He displayed courage in his swimming competition with Breca, and in his fights with Grendel, Grendels fix, and the dragon that fat ally wounded him. In all of Beowulfs struggles, he revels wisdom, strength, and motivation. In his clash against Grendel, Beowulf utilizes his sheer strength to kill Grendel. He used his mighty strength to rip off the monsters arm from the shoulder. As stated by the narrator, The monsters self-coloured body was in pain a tremendous wound appeared on his shoulder Beowulf was granted the glory of winning (Heaney 55). The defeat of Grendel fulfills Beowulfs heroic duty. This is also seen with Grendels mother. later on Grendels death, Grendels mother desires to avenge her child. Beowulf fights her in water and still prevails. By keeping true to his word Beowulf is able to prove his worth. Near the end of poem, Beowulf faces his last episode. He takes on a dragon that is creating havoc upon the city. Before facing the dragon he knows tha t he might die and yet still fights with glory and all of his might. On page 171 Beowulf states, This fight is not yours, nor is it up to any man except me I shall win the gold by my courage, or else mortal combat, condemn of battle, will bear your lord away (Heaney 171). Beowulf yet again completes his task as he kills the dragon, however, he immediately dies from his wounds. Beowulf, a true hero, confronts his death with bravery. It is Beowulfs strength, determination, and courage that enable him to become a distinguishable hero in modern society.Although Beowulf is portrayed as a true Anglo-Saxon hero, he has qualities that would depict him not as one in current society. From Beowulfs initial introduction he is seen as being conceited and aggressive. During the first feast, Beowulf tells of the story of his swimming race. Beowulf states, I was the strongest natator of allTime and again, foul things attacked mebut I lashed out, gave as good as I got with my swordMy sword had kill ed nine sea-monsters. Such night-dangers and hard ordeals I have never heard of nor of a man more desolate in surging waves. (Heaney 37). This quote reveals the cockiness of Beowulf. He is very arrogant as he believes that he is the best and the bravest. confidence is not a characteristic of a hero. Another flaw is shown in Beowulfs character as he fights Grendel and Grendels mother. Beowulfs quarrel with Grendel exposes his true expression of violence. While Grendel and Beowulf are wrestling, Beowulf manages to get Grendel in such as position where he ripped off Grendels arm from the socket. This violent act can be seen as very brutal. The cleansing of Grendel in such a way would deny the right to name Beowulf as a hero in present society. In addition, the killing of Grendels mother has the same effect.While battling Grendels mother, Beowulf seeks assistance from an ancient blade. With this sword, he delivers a final blow to the neck of the monster. After determining that she is d eath, he still proceeds and decapitates her. He then returns with the head and displays it in Heorot. The decapitation of Grendels mother illustrates Beowulf as disrespectful and in violation of the heroic code, which doesnt identify him as a hero. In the eye of contemporary society Beowulf can be recognize as a paradoxical character as he is embodied by both heroic and callous qualities.

The Concept of New Media

The Concept of wise MediaTHE CONCEPT OF NEW MEDIANew Media as a term cannot be described by a virtuoso, uniform definition. This is because the concept of New Media evolves along with the suppuration of technology and as the modes of communication progress and become in umpteen counsels, more instant. The concept of New Media takes definite form when the comparison between the old and the new mediums of communication takes place. In the present age, the mediums of television, recorders, radio and paper books live taken a back stage and the electronic mediums of communication have emerged triumphant. Today, the some popular and most instantaneous means of communication is the Internet which is the spunk element distinguishing new media from another(prenominal) forms. The popular definition of New Media is recognized with the use of a computer for the means of distribution and exhibition, by way of the internet, instead than with production. Thus, texts distributed via a co mputer argon considered as New Media whereas those printed on paper, without the use of the computer and the internet ar not. This Lev Monovich has labeled as the culture of computerization.1 According to Monovich, the computer encompasses all mediums/ methods of communication and affects all types of media, text, s bank images, moving images, sound and special constructions.2 However, Monovich himself states that limiting the advent of New Media to the gubbins of a computer is too limiting.Monovich lays good deal the following principles that determine new Media3 Numerical RepresentationMonovich states that all types and forms of New Media can be described mathematically, that is in terms of the binary code and so argon quantitative bureaus. Therefore, by applying appropriate algorithms, New Media can be manipulated. A cinematograph film for example is a sequence of images/frames, each of which has its own numerical representation.4 ModularityThis is also known as the fractal structure of New Media. Media elements consist of pixels, bites, characters, scripts, voxels etc, each of which combine to create the larger image, that is, what we see. However, each wiz retains its in aiment identity separate from the whole. Going back to the example of the cinematograph film, each frame would be independently created and would thereafter be combined together to create the whole cinematograph live. However, a single frame can thereafter be removed, altered or deleted without having an effect on the whole exploit.AutomationThe above cardinal principles, that is Numerical representation and Modularity allow the work to be automated in many operations. For example, in cinematograph films software is computer programmed to automatically produce artificial life such as crowds of pack as required in the film. Another more common example is when a computer automatically generates web pages when the drug substance abuser reaches the site.VariabilityAn object of Ne w Media is parallel to the conceit of liquid. New media is not fixed in one definite format but can exist in a ten thousand of versions. New Media frequently changes as it is stored digitally with a numerical code. Thus, variability is a consequence of principle 1 numerical representation and principle 2 modularity.In order to get clarity, one can compare old media with new media. Old Media is created by a human creator who manually assembles the test, the images, and the exposure and audio elements in one particular format which then becomes fixed for perpetuity. Copies of the work can be made, but only identical copies can be made. In contrast, New Media, which constitutes numerous codes, changes each time it is generated. This is because, after it is created by the human creator, New Media then begins to be generated automatically which is what offsprings in contrary versions. As New Media is stored digitally, in contrast to a fixed medium, each element retains its separate identity which can then be assembled into numerous sequences downstairs the programs control.Variability of New Media is created due to the following factors 5Media elements are stored on a media databaseEach time Media is created, different elements are apply along with different numerical codingNew Media can be displayed using a event of different interfacesThe information about the user can be used by a computer program to automatically generate and customize the media compositionNew Media is through branching/menu based inter practise thus allowing the user to choose. This is when a user enters a programme the user is given a tot of options to choose from. The branch next advanced to in the program would depend upon the choice made by the user which for each user would not necessarily be the same.New Media contains objects that are periodically updated.TranscodingThe fifth principle is the most significant, the cultural transcoding of media. This means that all data is turn ed into computerized data. While on the one hand computerized media still displays structural organization which is comprehensive to the users such as images, texts etc. on the other hand media follows the conventional structure of a computers organization of data. Therefore, New Media can be seen as two distinct layers, the culture layer and the computer layer. The layer that can be viewed as a representation is the culture layer and the operating functions are the computer layer.Lev Manovich, in his introduction toThe New Media Reader, defined New Media by using eight propositionsToday, the increasingly rapid change in technological development is leading to rapidly changing forms of new media thus leading to new and unexpected methods of distributing and exhibiting copyrighted work. Methods of distribution or exhibition are constantly evolving and are modernizing hence giving old content new form and value. For example, the exhibition of performing arts has evolved from theater t o pictures, television, videocassettes, LDs, DVDS, streamed videos and then to cell phone formats and tablet formats. A similar scenario has been witnessed in the music industry where the method of storing the data recorded has changed.right of first publication Law, including the Copyright carry, 1957 grants seeds an exclusive right over their creations.6 Copyright in a work lasts for long durations. Section 22 of the Act states that Copyright shall subsist in any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work published in spite of appearance the lifetime of the author until sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies. During this time, the value of the work and the spate surrounding its distribution would be liable to change considerably. To get a full understanding of the concept imagine that a composition publisher wants to allow a compilation of articles on a CD-ROM and simultaneously wants to create an online database . There would be a possibility that a number of the authors would not be alive to give their consent to such distribution of their work. Finding the right holders to all articles to get them to agree to re-release the workings would be prohibitively difficult. Copyright polices crosswise the globe have not enunciated on the copyright protection of ever-changing New Media. Thus, New Media allow prove to be a highly litigious issue due to the gaping loophole in the law. As India has not expressly dealt with the issue of New Media as a challenge to copyright law this chapter will look at legislative reasoning in other countries before drawing a conclusion as to what Indias legislative development shall be in this respect.The legal landscape with respect to new use rights is bifurcated into two. While USA and the UK recognize new use rights and generally allow the giving transfer of rights to unknown uses of copyrighted works, copyright grants are restricted in Germany, Spain, Belg ium.CHAPTER___ COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF TWEETS AND FACEBOOK POSTSTwitter along with Facebook epitomizes the term social networking sites which allows a user to create a profile and regularly interact with other users. While Facebook allows posts and images to be uploaded on a users profile, Twitter is a palpable time application that allows public contact amongst the users. Thus, in the Internet age, Twitter and Facebook are the most commonly used social networking sites. Copyright issues with respect to one site will apply equally to the other site. Therefore, for discussion sake, the example of Twitter is chosen.Tweets, the posts by users on the site, are relatively simple as a mechanism. They are short in length as they cannot exceed 140 characters and on a general basis answer only one motion.7 Users on Twitter share stories, facts, information, breaking news, updates on world events, entertainment, sports etc. Twitter users can follow other users or vice versa and updated for ces would appear as and when they are posted.8 Twitter, via its terms of service, declares that the user retains his/her rights to any content posted9, therefore Twitter states that the user is entitled to the Intellectual Property Rights that get vested with the user as a result of any post. Alternatively, by signing up as a user on the Twitter website and making the content available to the public by measure tweets, the user grants a license to Twitter. The license accommodates Twitters right to make the content available to other organizations, companies etc.10Whether tweets on Twitter are copyrightable has, till date, not been a contentious issue in India. However, in the United States the copyrightability of tweets has been under debate. Therefore, to be able to culminate in a satisfactory answer, we scratch need to see whether a Tweet/post satisfies the requirements of the Federal Copyright Act. I will simultaneously transpose a similar argument in the Indian context. As pe r Section 102(a) of the Act, original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium of expression, whether now known or later developed, are protected. Therefore, the pre-requisites for copyright protection under the Federal Act and the Indian Copyright Act, 1957 are OriginalityThe term original has not been defined each under the Federal Act or under the Act of 1957. However, Section 13(1)(a) of the 1957 Act states that copyright shall subsist in original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works which is indicative that copyright shall only extend to works that are the fruits of a persons labour and skill. In the United States, it was observed in Alfred cost Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts11 that the term Original in reference to a copyrighted work means that the particular work owes its origin to the author. Further, in the bourn judgment of Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co.12 it was observed that originality work that is directly attributable to t he skill and labour of the author and that the work in question is independently created and is not a mere copy.13 In order to be protected under the Copyright Act, 1957, a work moldiness satisfy the criteria of work as defined in Section 2(y) of the Act. In University of London Press v. University Tutorial Press14 J. Peterson held that the word original does not imply that the work must be the expression of original or inventive thought. Originality as interpreted with respect to copyright protection relates to the expression of thought.15 For a work to be considered original under the Copyright Act, it is sufficient if the contribution is minimal or poor.Work of AuthorshipThe second pre-requisite for copyright protection to apply to any work is that the work must be a work of authorship. (continue)Fixation in a tangible mediumThe third element that is required for copyright protection is that a work is deemed created when it is first fixed, that is given a tangible form. This is p arallel to the concept that an idea is not copyrightable but the expression of that idea is entitled to copyright protection.16 Thus, if the idea is not made into a tangible medium, i.e. expressed, it cannot be protected by way of copyright. For example, in the field of literary work, the idea of the novel would not be copyrightable, but when the idea is expressed on paper in the particular manner of the author fixation of the work would take place. For copyright protection, the medium, form and method of fixation of the work is not substantially consequential.Tweets create a challenge to the Copyright law and its application. However, the fact that Twitters Terms of Service include a Copyright Policy is indicative of the fact that the content on Twitter, including tweets, is copyrightable.17 However, for a particular tweet to be entitled to copyright protection a tweet needs to satisfy the 3 basic requirements given above, a tweet must be an original work, it must be the work of th e author and it must be in a fixed, tangible form.Whether a Tweet is entitled to Copyright Protection?To establish whether a tweet is entitled to Copyright Protection the following points are established A tweet is an original work as the work is independently created. The users of Twitter post a tweet that is the result of their skill and labour. The Tweet meets the originality threshold stated in Alfred Bell Co.18however there is no specific reference to determine whether all Tweets are original. However, is it unassailable to say that some Tweets are original. As a corollary, it is seen that a tweet is a creative work. In Fiest it was held that the work must contain a modicum of creativity, No matter how crude, humble or obvious it might be.19However, Phrases and words that have common, widespread usage cannot be copyrighted.A tweet is a literary work as stated under the Acts. As the term literary in the Federal Act connotes neither literary merit nor qualitative value, the ter m literary can have an expansive interpretation. Applying this standard, all tweets qualify as literary work. Further, to constitute a work of authorship, the work should be based on smart labour for which the content of the tweet must be examined. Generic, common phrases and questions cannot be works of authorship as they require no intellect in their expression. However, a poem, an expression, a joke is tweeted would be works of authorship because the work would be the result of intellectual labour as well as a literary work.A tweet is fixed in a tangible medium i.e., Twitter. Tweets cannot be viewed without the aid of a computer or any other device that can be connected to the internet.20Nevertheless, Twitter users face many challenges in meeting the three pre-requisites for copyright protection. This is due to the following reasons21 Size Tweets are very short in length, with a limit of 140 characters. Therefore, the word limit makes it impossible for the work to reach the le vel of creativity which is required for copyright protection. fill It is well established that facts are not copyrightable. Tweets are mainly regarding notifications, events, gossip, and comments on political situations etc. Copyright law does not extend protection to facts and so tweets, despite their varying expressions, cannot be copyrighted.Scenes a faire Tweets describe events, affairs, circumstances, scenes which cannot be expressed in more than a limited number of ways. For example, a tweet regarding the sunset(a) will describe the sun as brilliant, or sunny, or bright. When an idea can be expressed in only a limited number of ways, such expression cannot be copyrighted as providing copyright protection to such an expression would be providing copyright protection to the idea itself.22Copyright in Quotes and Short PhrasesProtection by way of Intellectual property rights over the most minimal of creative work has been regularly debated. Copyright protection of shop names, slogans, advertising mantras etc. have become a contentious issue. Courts are forever embroiled in the task of breaking down the exact marrow of the definitions provided in the statute. To get a better understanding of the boundaries of protection by the Act of 1957 some of the definitions provided are required to be repeated.Section 13 of the 1957 Act lays down that copyright protection is accorded on literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recordings. Rights as provided in the statute can be exercised only by the owner of the copyright.23 Quotes and short phrases are of two types. One type is cutting a small part from a longer sentence, example a book whereas the other type is when the quote stands on its own in entirety. Tweets would be form of the second type of quote/short phrases.Copyright protection to short phrases and quotes has been refused in a number of cases by the Indian courts. To claim a copyright intrusion, the de minimis sta ndard must be satisfied. Courts have refused to grant protection to slogans in advertisements, newspaper headlines for there is no copyright in a mere collection of words that is not a compilation. In this matter the law of trademark infringement and passing off has proved to be more useful. The underlying reason is that although such short phrases may be considered works but they are unable(p) to satisfy the requirement of originality.Leading case laws by the English and Indian courts have expounded upon this matter.1 Lex Monovich, Language of New Media MIT Press, 2001. Pg.432 Id.3 Id. Pg. 494 Id. Pg. 505 Id. Pg. 576 Section 14 of the Copyright Act, 1957 . . copyright means the exclusive right subject to the provisions of this Act. .7 Rebecca Haas, Twitter New Challenges to Copyright Law in the Internet Age, 10 J. marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L.231 (2010) , pg. 2368 Id9 You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. By submitting, pos ting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods (now known or later developed) https//twitter.com/tos (Twitter Terms of Service) Last Accessed 8/04/201410 Supra n. 3, pg. 237 (Rebecca Haas)11 191 F.2d 99, 103 (2nd Cir. 1951)12 499 U.S 340, 351-52 (1991)13 Rebecca Haas, pg. 23814 1916 2 Ch 601. The case involved the copying of mathematic questions, which were held to be original forthe purposes of copyright law15 Tissya Mandal. Copyright in quotes available at http//ssrn.com.abstract=181898516 Id.17 Supra n. 5 Twitter Copyright Policy statesTwitter respects the intellectual property rights of others and expects users of the Services to do the same. We will respond to notices of alleged copyright infringement that comply with applicable law and are properly provided to us. If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please provide us with the following information (i) a physical or electronic signature of the copyright owner or a person authorised to act on their behalf (ii) identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed (iii) identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit us to locate the material (iv) your contact information, including your address, telephone number, and an email address (v) a statement by you that you have a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law and (vi) a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and, under penalty of perjury, t hat you are authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner. Last Accessed 8/04/201418 Supra n. (Alfred Bell)19 Supra n. __ at 34520 Rebecca Haas, Pg. 24521 Consuelo Reinberg. Are Tweets Copyright- Protected? WIPO Magazine, July 200922 The concept of idea-expression being expressed in a limited number of ways is called the Doctrine of Merger, which will be discussed subsequently.23 Section 14 of the Act lays down the rights that are exclusively granted to the owner of the copyright. Section 57 of the Act further defines two forms of moral rights that are conferred on the author, right of paternity and integrity. The right of paternity is a right provided to the author which is the right to hold back others from claiming authorship of his work. Right of integrity enables the author to prevent mutilation or distortion of his work or any other act which would be prejudicial to his disposition and honor.

Inter-professional working: Child safeguarding

Inter-professional run shorting nipper shelteringWithin the United Kingdom at least one child dies each week resulting from adult cruelty. Statistics from 2003 highlighted that there were over 384,000 children in posit in England, and over 69,000 of these children were known to be lively in c ar or living with their families. (Department for Schools and Families, 2003).Children in need ar defined under Section 17 of the Children phone number 1989, as those whose vulnerability is such(prenominal) that they are unlikely to reach or maintain satisfactory level of health or development may be significantly impaired without the training of service.Practitioners within inter professional purposes in local authorities have a duty to safeguard and promote the well being of children (Department for Schools and Families, 2010) and therefore need to be aware of their roles and responsibilities when implementing safeguarding (Lindon, 2008).The Victoria Climbie report was published in 20 03 and highlighted the tragic consequences that led to her death. This eight year old girl was known to the police, social service and the National Health Service over a period of ten months. On twelve of these occasions the relevant statutory services involved had the prospect to successfully intervene in the life of Victoria. This inquiry highlighted the gaps in incompetence of staff in the statutory services involved in this case by the problems in identifying serious child protection issues, plus the inadequate recording and management of information systems that were in place to safeguard children. These failings were seriously lacking in this case which ultimately contributed to the death of Victoria Climbe (Laming, 2003).From this inquiry the Department of health (2007) set out the standards in the National Service Framework for Children, Young quite a little and Maternity Services that all agencies work to prevent children suffering harm and to promote their welfare, provi de them with the services they require to address their identified needs and safeguard children who are being or who are likely to be harmed.The following is a quote taken from Laming inquiryThe single most important commute in the future must be the drawing of a clear line of accountability, from top to bottom, without doubt or ambiguity about who is responsible at every level for the well-being of vulnerable children. Time and again it was dispiriting to listen to the buck passing from those who attempted to justify their positions. For the proper safeguarding of children this must end. (Laming, 2003 p.5). entitle Lamings inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie contributed to many significant changes across childrens services in England. The government responded by producing the Green Paper Every Child Matters (Department for Schools and Families, 2003). legion(predicate) of the proposals in the paper have now passed through parliament and have become legislation in the form of the Adoption and Children Act (2004). The key themes of the Act are supporting families and carers, early intervention and the prevention of children falling through the system, accountability, integrated services, development and training. Section 10 of the Act defines the Every Child Matters outcomes which are be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic wellbeing.The use of integrated approaches/processes for managing concerns about children and their families should result in alter outcomes for this service group. Effective plans for safeguarding and promoting childrens welfare should be based on a wide-ranging assessment of the needs of the child (Department for Schools and Families, 2010).Resulting from the Green Paper Every Child Matters (Department for Schools and Families, 2003) the use of an assessment tool known as The reciprocal Assessment Tool has been put into practice when working with children and families. The purp ose of this tool enables professionals and other(a) services to share information and help identify any additional needs of children which should enhance interagency working. This tool helps to reduce duplication of assessments across different agencies (Department for Schools and Families, 2009).However, the use of this Common Assessment Tool has been criticised over concerns of security issues regarding access to systems and consent for recording and storing information (Peckover Hall, 2009).Every professional or service group that work with children and families are expected to have appropriate core skills to guide their practice. Occupational Therapists are integrated within multi-disciplinary teams across children and families teams and more than often play a twist role in safeguarding this service group. Occupational Therapists have the core skills embedded in their clinical practice to treat all patients holistically. As part of their role is to identify any physical, psyc hological and any social needs that may be needed through their interventions, in this particular area, children and families, working closely with a child through play and purposeful activities can sometimes highlight any detection of child abuse. This can then be discussed with another appendage of the multi-disciplinary team and recorded in The Common Assessment Framework Tool (COT, 2006).However what is apparent is that child protection systems do not always work as efficiently as they should without the collaboration and cooperation of the other professionals within all multi-disciplinary teams (Lindon, 2008).Professionals and other services need to be fully equipped with the knowledge of how other roles in the multi-disciplinary teams work in safeguarding children and families to enable each of them to share information effectively, without these knowledge roles, a breakdown of communication between multi-disciplinary teams is a result.McNair (2005) states in his literary pro ductions that professionals can feel threatened by others when encroaching on their territory which can relate to role blurring and crossing over the role of different boundaries.In conclusion, no amount of legislation and policy guidance absolutely guarantee that child protection services will be able to prevent children slipping through the net. Nonetheless, it is crying that inter-agency teams working with children and families work collaboratively together to minimise the risks associated with this group of service users. The government has now placed safeguarding children and families at the forefront of their agenda and it is imperative that all professionals can all work together to ensure that this vulnerable group of people are protected.

Relationship Between Leadership And Change Management Essay

Relationship Between Leadership And Change Management EssayOrganizations arrive to subscribe signifi piece of asst and traumatic varietys in order to survive in the dynamic and competitive business environment. Leadership plays a vital character in the implementation of organisational lurch.This study provideing discuss how lead would performanceively implement such strategic changes with specific approaches, theories and fashions of leading.The author will relate to appropriate organizational examples and incorporate academic frameworks models of leading.Defining LeadershipAlthough many hatful have tried to define leadership there is no single definition that would find the essence of leadership. Daft suggested that Leadership is an influence family among leaders and pursuit, who intend real changes that reflect their sh atomic number 18d purposes (Daft 2008, p.4).Yukl decl bed that Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and barrack rou gh what destinys to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating one-on-one and collective efforts to accomplish sh ard objectives (Yukl 2006, p.26).Both Daft Yukl gave similar horizon points and spoke about the ability of a leader to influence followers in order to arrive at a shared objective.For roughly volume, leadership is a trait or ability, for others it is a skill or behavior whereas still for others leadership is a comparisonship. Therefore it is evident that people have a wide range of horizon on leadership (Northhouse, 2009).Therefore it is taken into authors consideration that leadership is the ability to influence followers to improve performance in sequence to acquire a shared objective. For a leader to be able to achieve the objective he/she should possess the right attitude and right skills..Defining ChangeDawson (2003 , p.11) give ind that there can never be a universal theory for organizational change, as change involves a movement to some future state that comprises a context and time that remains un cognise. Whereas Matcheva (2010) mentioned that organizational change refers to the fundamental and thorough reorientation in the way the organization operates.Organizational change whitethorn occur due to several internal and external environmental f coiffureors. The external factors will consist of political, scotchal, social and technological stimuli where as internal factors will be factors such as organizations counselling policies and ports, systems, procedures and employee attitudes. (Buono, 2009)Perry (2006) argued that change is inevitable and therefore should be planned for and form part of the normal process of influencement. Burke (2011, p.1) gave a opposite view mentioning Organizations change all in all the time each and every day. The change that occurs in organizations is for the about part unplanned and gradual.Relationship between leadership and changeChange has been a challenging area and has af fected many organizations. Organizations have to endure such significant change in order to survive in the dynamic and competitive business environment. The change must be aligned according to organizational culture, values, people and behaviors to encourage the desired cores. Therefore human leadership plays a account role in making change a success.Such transformation is difficult and will definitely result in subway system and resentment by employees. The social and psychological fear of change and the lack of technical expertise will affect the change process. Therefore Leaders should be equipped with skills that would enable effective strategic change.David (2004) also emphasized how leadership could help overcome resistance to change. He indicates that In order for World split Organizations to survive, management must understand that change is inevitable and that they themselves are responsible for over attack employee resistance finished sound management and change-orien ted leadership (David, 2004).Globalization, technological changes, knowledge management and cross boundary collaboration are the four major forces affecting organizational change. Change could occur either in the external environment or macro environment. Organizations are in need of innovative and creative visionaries who understand how to make decisions in such changes Tappin (2009).An effective change leader should have a sensation of purpose and a vision, ability to manage people by dint of tough office staffs, ability to take accountability and responsibility and motivate people to achieve respective goals. Once people believe in leaders, the excitement will drive them to achieve targets.Therefore it is evident that there is a strong relationship between leadership and change. Leadership plays a major role in minimizing resistance to change as well as ensuring smooth execution of change. splendour of leadership in changeThe most challenging aspect of a business is leading an d managing change. With the business environment being subject to fast paced economic and social change modern businesses need to adapt and be flexible to survive. The main challenge in leading change is to manage human resources.As mentioned by Kotter (1999, p.19) More change demands more leadership Kotter emphasized the need of a leader to manage change. Nilakant Ramanarayan (2006) also mentioned the importance of leadership during each variety of change, mainly the execution stage.Kotter (1999, p.7) set one of the most common errors of organizational weakenures during change as its inability to create a powerful guiding coalition. He stressed on the importance of strong line leadership during change.Kotter identified a 8 stage change process which consist ofEstablishing a sense of urgency.Creating a guiding coalition.Developing a vision and dodging.Communicating the change vision.Empowering broad based action.Generating short term wins.Consolidating gains and produce more ch ange.Anchoring new approaches in the culture.(Kotter, 1996, p.21)In order to follow the preceding(prenominal) steps, an initiative necessarily to be taken which demands leadership. Through the above approach leaders would be able to act as a change agent minimizing resistance to change.Tappin (2009) mentioned that a leader needs to develop the following characteristics in order to manage change.A vision, and be able to communicate it to their organizationsAn orientation to servingAn entrepreneurial mind-setA commitment to continuous innovationA global mindsetEase and assertion with technologyKnow-how in systems thinking (a broad view of the inter-relationship of an organizations parts, rather than a narrow view that is foc utilize on one part or event.)A sense of ethics and appreciation of intuitive toneinguality in the workplaceA commitment to continuous learning, personal and professional developmentTappin stated characteristics that he believes should be present in a change l eader. An in-depth abstract need to be taken in order to identify the most effective approach a leader could follow when managing change.As the characteristics of a change leader have been laid down above. It is appropriate to carry out a thorough analysis on leadership fashions and approaches and thus identify which style or approach is greatly suited.Styles of LeadershipThere have been many studies conducted to evaluate and identify different types of leadership styles. Goleman (2011) identified six leadership styles. They are Coercive, Authoritative, Affiliative, Democratic, stairsetting and Coaching. He argued that leaders who have four or more styles especially Authoritative, Democratic, Affiliative and Coaching styles will be able to drive a better business performance and maintain a sound climate delivering better results.According to Northouse (2009) the primary study on styles of leadership was conducted by Lewinn, Lippitt and White (1939). The main styles of leadershi p they identified are Authoritative, Democratic and Lassiez-faire. Northouse (2009) mentioned that a leader whitethorn display a combination of these styles and realize each of these styles in a given circumstance.Coercive styleThis style is also known as the Autocratic model. According to Goleman (2011) coercive type leaders expect immediate compliance from its followers. These types of leaders are very competent in self control, initiating and achieving results. The above style works best in crisis situation where quick change is required as well as situations with problem employees. But the coercive model may have a detrimental effect on the employees therefore should be used with extreme care. It may tinge the morale and feelings of the followers and may negatively affect employee motivation.In almost all cases, autocratic leadership style helps improve organizational efficiency and contri moreovere to the bottom line in the short-term. This improvement is however a quick fix, coming at the cost of erosion of a partys underlying assets and laying the foundation for permanent damage in the future (Nayab, 2010).Therefore this can be considered as the least effective style of all leadership styles since it has a negative influence on the overall climate of the organization.In 2007 Martha Stewart single handedly turnaround her ail Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. In her we find a substantial amount of controversy but she continues to prosper with her organization and is effectively served by her autocratic style of leadership as well. But critics say that she wouldnt have dieed the verge of bankruptcy and would have achieved more if she had not followed her autocratic style (Nayab, 2010)This example suggests that Martha was not able to reach her full potential and achieve success with her autocratic style during the turnaround because of its aggressive nature.Authoritative StyleAn authoritative leader is a person who guides people towards a vision and foll ow organizational goals and strategies. This is a more flexible strategy where the followers are permitted to be innovative, experiment and take calculated try which will give the follower a sense of belonging and function to the organization (Goleman, 2011).This style of leadership works best when change is required in a new vision or clear direction is needed.His research indicates that this is the most effective style of leadership. But a leader who is working with experts who are more experienced will find it difficult to apply this style. The team members may sense that the leader is trying to dominate.Northouse(2009) also gave a similar view on authoritative style of leadership. He mentioned that Authoritarian leadership is used to give direction, set goals, and structure work. He identified positives and negatives of using such style for leadership. The positives are that there is a person to give direction and clarity to employees work which will bring about productivity a nd efficiency enabling accomplishments of goals in a shorter period. On the other hand this style will hamper individuality and will create attendence on the leader which will result in subordinates losing interest and becoming dissatisfied with their work.Both of the viewpoints above can be related to Mc Gregors Theory X. The assumptions he made are applicable for the followers of authoritarian leaders. He made three assumptions which are as follows.The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible.Because people dislike work, they need to be directed, and sometimes threatened with punishment or reminded of rewards to make them work.The average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has little ambition, and wants security more than choice.(Northouse, 2009)The authoritarian leader needs to provide direction to its followers and control them. Therefore they will be in charge and take up responsibility to control the group.Considering the above th ree authors ideas the authoritative style of leadership would be a suited style of leadership in managing change because during change the entire company needs to be given proper direction and their needs to be someone to take responsibility and take initiative by creating a vision to manage change.The CEO of Microsoft Bill Gates is considered an authoritative leader who was able to successfully move Microsoft in the direction he saw the industry moving. He is considered as a leader with a vision who aligned Microsoft with that vision (Authoritative Leaders,2006)CEO of DELL Michael dingle identified the requirement of change in their customer function department and executed a unique strategy of his own to retain and satisfy its large customer base, unlike other companies he introduced a strategy where customer queries are directed to a real human voice not a voice mail system. In an environment where the trend is towards voicemail systems Michael Dell introduced such a system (Fr anklin, 1998)This in fact displays his leadership and vision in understanding the work his people do at all levels as well as his understanding the requirement for change according to the trend.Affiliative styleAffiliative style of leadership is a more human friendly style. Its a style which helps to create harmony and build emotional bonds. People come first always. Communication is considered a key element. This style is best suited to motivate people during stressful situations. Even though there are certain advantages of using this style constant use of this style will also have its drawbacks. When employees are over praised they might lose focus and may lead to poor performance. Over reliance on this model may lead the company to fail (Goleman 2009).Kotter (1999, p.37) mentioned Communication of ideas helps people see the need for and the logic of change. Therefore according to his findings the affiliative style could be considered a suitable style of leadership to adopt during change due to it focusing on communication as a key element.Democratic StyleThe democratic style of leadership gets the followers to participate and indicate their opinion. The leader builds trust, respect and commitment from the employees. Communication collaboration and team leadership plays an important role. The leader will listen to employees ideas and concerns thus learning how to keep the spirit of the employees high (Goleman2010).This style will work best when the leader itself is uncertain about the path to be taken. The drawback of such a style is that the leader will be receiving endless opinions resulting in difficulty of making a proper decision.Northouse(2009) also gave a similar view on democratic style of leadership. He said that democratic leaders always try to treat its subordinates fairly. This leader will not to be controlling rather they will listen and come support from all subordinates. This is a collective approach of leadership where the leader will be c onsulting subordinates.The democratic leadership style resembles the assumptions of Mc Gregors Theory Y. Which are as followsPeople like workPeople are self motivatedPeople accept and seek responsibility.(Northouse, 2009)Since people are fully receptive of doing their work alone theory Y stresses that people neednt be controlled by their leaders as they are self motivated.Kotter(2009, p.38) has also mentioned the importance of participation and involvement to overcome resistance to change . The democratic style concentrates on participation and involvement which will help overcome resistance to change. Therefore could be considered as a good style of leadership to manage change.Anne Mulcahy, CEO of Xerox also used a democratic style of leadership. She led Xerox by a major transformation. In the task of cutting costs quickly, she used the knowledge of employees and encouraged them to give their opinion. Together they were able to do so. (Helliriegel, Jackson and Slocum, 2008, p.509 )Pace setting styleThis style focuses on developing people for the future. The leader set high standards and expect employees to follow them. The leader demands for excellence, therefore employees will feel that they are being stretched beyond their capability. This is best suited when quick results are needed from a motivated and competent team, but gives an overall negative impact on organizational climate (Goleman 2010).Since change in a company is a long term effect the pace setting leader may have a negative effect. They do more harm than good when an organization needs long term results (Chynoweth 2008).The 8th CEO of General electric car Jack Welch strongly believed in leading by example. He was a persistent and demanding executive and showed characteristics of a pace setting leader. He turned the company from $12 billion into a $500 billion market capitalization. He was renowned for his human process to drive change having respect for each individual in the process of chang e (Pace Setting Leadership, 2006)Coaching stylePersonal success purely brings achievement. Helping others succeed confers genuine accomplishment. Passion for success through others -the common aspiration of the consultant, counselor and coach is a source of synergy and a hallmark of leadership (Goldsmith Lyons, 2006.p.1).These types of leaders train new leaders for the future. The leaders help employees to learn and develop their skills even if it may take time and not achieve organizational goals. This style is the least used by leaders the reason being leaders not having time to go through teaching employees in a highly pressurized competitive business environment. The style will work best where the employees are willing to improve their performance and build long term strengths (Goleman, 2010).Other than Authoritarian and Democratic style of leadership Northouse identified the Lassiez-faire style which does not resemble any of the characteristics of the above six styles.Lassiez FaireNorthouse (2009, p44) mentioned that The Lassiez-faire leader is a nominal leader who engages in minimal influence. This style has no relation to either Theory X or Theory Y. The leadership responsibilities are shared by all. This mainly relies on good team work and good interpersonal relationship skills also can be useful in businesses where creative ideas are important. Unlike the autocratic method this style of leadership can be highly motivational as people have control over their working life. (Northouse 2009).This style is suited for less critical areas of change where followers are specialists who are capable and independent. But it is arguable whether change could be successful with such a hands-off style of leadership.Gucci CEO Robert Polet uses the lassiez-faire style but within a framework so that he doesnt lose control (Gitman Daniel, 2009). He may have opted to choose the above strategy due to the drawbacks of the leadership styleTheories of LeadershipTrait Theory There are many different types of leadership attributes, traits and qualities these may differ from person to person. E.g. Bill Gates is known for his intelligence and for being a visionary, whereas Oprah Winfrey is recognized by the world as a very influential leader and an excellent communicator.As listed by Northouse (2007) some of the positive leadership attributes are, trust worthy, positive, dynamic, honest, encouraging, motivational, builds confidence and intelligent. However there are also some negative attributes that leaders carry with them which are asocial, egocentric, loner, dictatorial and ruthless. unmatchable or more of these attributes are usually very commonly seen in every individual although they would differ from person to person.Leadership traits are the qualities that people very much associate with leaders. As indicated by Shead (2007) the five most important leadership traits are, honest, forward looking, competent, inspiring and intelligent.Both Northouse and Shead mentioned the importance of honesty as a key attribute to leadership. When Toyota had to recall vehicles due to faulty brakes Jim Lentz, CEO of Toyota directd the situation really well by being transparent and honest. He was brave fair to middling to face a live interview. His quick response helped minimize the damage made to Toyotas reputation.Therefore it is evident that leaders should be equipped with the necessary skills and competencies to handle change.Transformational TheoryBass Riggio (2006, p.3) described transformational leaders as those who stimulate and inspire followers to both achieve extraordinary outcomes and in the process, develop their own leadership capacity. Transformational leaders behave inspire and motivate people, encourages creativity and stimulate followers, pays individual attention to its followers in order to become successful (Bass Riggio 2006).Hacker Roberts (2004, p.3) Transformational leadership is the comprehensive and integrated le adership capacities required of individuals, groups or organizations to produce transformation as evidenced by step functional improvement.The two statements above have a common thinking which suggests that the leader should be the transformer and has to act as the initiator.Hacker Roberts gave a broader view concentrating on the individual as wel the organization. Whereas Bass Riggio gave a more specific view as in how leaders could be transformational as an individual.To be successful at transformational leadership there are some components that were put forward by Bass and Riggio (2006). They mention four components that describe the transformation leader and leaders are strongly required to possess these components in order to be successful transformation leaders. The components put forward by Bass and Riggio (2006) areIdealized Influence Leaders should behave as role models they can be counted on to do the right thing demonstrating high standards of ethical and moral conduct. Inspirational motivation Leaders must behave in ways that inspire and motivate followers. Team spirit should arouse while displaying enthusiasm and optimism.Intellectual stimulation Stimulate followers efforts to be innovative and creative, by questioning assumptions, reframing problems and approaching old situations in new ways.Individualized consideration Leaders should pay attention to each individual followers need to achieve and grow by being a coach and mentor to them. The leader also improves communication between the followers and also must be a careful listener.Through idealized influence, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation, transformational leaders are likely to promote performance beyond expectations and achieve fantastic changes within individuals and organizations.The above four components are evident in Sam Walton the founder of Wal-Mart. He showed his appreciation and thus inspired his associates and spoke to his custo mers by see all of the Wall-Mart stores around the country. His approach enabled to minimized resistance to change in Wall-marts culture of constant change (Bergdahl, 2006).Charisma could be considered a key instalment in transformational leaders. Bass Riggio (2006, p.5) Transformational leadership has much in common with charismatic leadership, but charisma is only part of transformational leadership.Steve Jobs is also considered a transformational leader. His vision, charisma and communication skills are part of his success (Krietner, 2007, p.453). His vision enabled him to position his company in the changing world market by introducing cutting edge products like iMac, iPad and iPhone. remainderThe global competitive business environment has changed dramatically over the past. As a result the need for competitive leadership to handle change is clear. unrivalled of the most difficult responsibilities of leadership is leading change. This study reveals certain leader skills and abilities necessary for successful organizational change.Leaders who exercise attributes such as a vision, good interpersonal skills, communicational skills, motivational skills and supportive team skills are more effective in driving change because they are the key elements through which successful results can be achieved.There are lots of arguments for and against each of the leadership styles and approaches. According to authors observation the lassiez-faire style, coercive style and pace setting style may considered least effective whereas affiliative, coaching, democratic style and transformational approach could be considered the most effective.There is no exact model of leadership that could be used rather there are multiple models all of which have their place depending on the demands of the organization. The leader should be capable of identifying the best method appropriate in a given situation taking into consideration the individual leader and organizational environment .Different styles of leadership will suite different types of change. There is no hard and fast rule that a certain type of leadership is perfect for a given change situation. The leadership style will depend on the organization, individual skill levels and attitude of followers. Therefore authoritative style and democratic style could be recommended in general as the author thinks it is the most appropriate because it powers commitment, communication as well as direction.

Johann Sebastian Bach Essay -- Composer Musician Bach Essays Bio

Johann Sebastian bach Johann Sebastian Bach was a German organist, composer, and musical scholar of the Baroque period, and is almost universally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. His works, noted for their intellectual depth, technical command, and artistic beauty, acquire provided inspiration to nearly all musician after him, from Mozart to Schoenberg. J. S. Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany, March 21, 1685. Bachs uncles were all professional musicians ranging from church organists and court chamber musicians to composers. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was the town piper in Eisenach, a topographic point that entailed organizing all the secular music in town as well as participating in church music at the direction of the church organist (p. 309, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vol. 2). Bach was the youngest son of Ambrosius Bach and probably matched the fundamentals of musical theory and how to play the violin from him (p104, The in ternationalistic Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians). Bachs mother died when he was still a young boy and his father suddenly passed away when J. S. Bach was 9, at which time he moved in with his older brother Johann Christoph Bach, who was the organist of Ohrdruf, Germany (p105, The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians). While in his brothers house, J. S. Bach continued copying, studying, and playing music. According to one favourite legend, late one night, when his brother was asleep, he found a collection of works by Johann Christophs former mentor, Johann Pachelbel, and began to copy it by the moonlight. This went on every night until Johann Christoph heard his brother playing some of the distinctive tunes from his private library, at which point he demanded to know how Sebastian had come to learn them (www.sfsymphony.org/templates/composer). It was at Ohrdruf that Bach began to learn about organ building. The Ohrdruf churchs instrument was in constant need of minor repairs, and young J. S. Bach was often sent into the belly of the old organ to tighten, adjust, or replace various parts. This hands-on experience with the innards of the instrument provides a good explanation for his unequalled skill at playing the organ (p. 11, unadulterated Music, the Rough Guide).From 1700 to 1702 he attended St Michaels School in Lneburg, where he sang in the church choir. After compet... ... new dimensions in virtually every department of creative work to which he turned, in format, musical quality and technical demands (p. 22, Classical Music, the Rough Guide). His music was so complex that many analysts have uncovered layers of religious and numerological significance that is rarely found in the music of other composers. Bachs chorale harmonizations and fugal works were shortly adopted as models for new generations of musicians. Bach was the last great representative of the Baroque era in an age which was already rejecting the Baroque aesthetic in favor of a new, enlightened one (www.sfsymphony.org/templates/composer). BibliographyJohann Sebastian Bach, http//www.sfsymphony.org/templates/composer. Newman, Ernest Bach, Johann Sebastian. The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians, 1985, 11th Edition, pp. 102-108Sadie, Stanley Bach, Johann Sebastian. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2002, Vol. 2, pp. 309-346Slonimsky, Nicolas Bach, Johann Sebastian. Bakers biographic Dictionary of Musicians, 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 161-172Staines, Joe Bach, Johann Sebastian. Classical Music, the Rough Guide, 1998, pp. 11-22

Communication and Social Behavior in the Atlantic Bottlenose Dolph Essa

IntroductionSocial behavior in mammals other than humans has always been something that has fascinated not only scientists, but the general population as well. Large mammals known to exhibit similar behaviors to humans have always been popular favourites at zoos and aquariums. One particular favorite is an animal known for its social behavior and intelligence Tursiops truncates, the bottlenose dolphinfish (Prevost, 1995). This cetacean has global distribution that spans all tropical and temperate ocean waters with bays, sounds, estuaries, and open shorelines being the habitats most frequently inhabited, and sea grass beds being the preferred nursery locations (Prevost, 1995). These mammals are some of the most admired sea creatures and have shown great capacity for intelligence. They are often trained and used in shows at aquariums. Most frequently studied are their communication types and their compound social behavior, with things like verbal and nonverbal communication, comm unities and social hierarchies, and common social behaviors receiving a particular emphasis. Physical Attributes and Relevant Zoological InformationTursiops truncates, with its Atlantic sub-species named T .t. truncates, has some very distinct physical features. The size is a range of six to thirteen feet or two to four meters (Prevost, 1995) (Reynolds & Wells, 2003). The average dolphin is about 9 feet long and usually weighs about 600 pounds, although males are typically 25% larger than females (CITATION). The rostrum extends for several inches, but is relatively short compared to the relaxation behavior of the torpedo shaped body. (Felhammer, et al. 2003). The rostrum is also the basic for the T. t. truncates common name of bottlenose (Felhammer, et al. 2003). ... ...d Social Organization of the Bottlenose Dolphin A Review. Marine Mammmal Science,( 2 ed, pp. 3463). Prevost, J. F. (1995). Bottlenose dolphins. (pp. 18-19). Minneapolis, MN Abdo Consulting Group, Inc.Janik, V. M. (2009). Vocal communication in birds and mammals. (1 ed., Vol. 40, pp. 123-148). San Diego, CA Elsevier Inc. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=5v63gz04YVgC&printsec=frontcoverFeldhammer, G. A., Thomspon, B. C., & Chapman, J. A. (2003). Wild mammals of north america biology, management, and conservation. (2 ed., pp. 397-425). Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University call forth. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=-xQalfqP7BcC&printsec=frontcoverReynolds, J. E., & Wells, R. S. (2003). Dolphins, whales, and manatees of florida A guide to sharing their world. (1 ed., pp. 28-45). Gainesville, FL University Press of Florida.